~'sublicationof the NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR VICTIM ASSISTANCE @ i under a Cooperative Agreement with the Oflkfor Viof Crime -Adw=w*&Movc -TawntOJhlPvaM U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs ., ,Officefor Victims of Crime VictimServices in Community Policing Programs is a package of three publications: The Participant' Guide, The Trainer's Guide, and Sample Protocols, Policies, and Procedures. They are the products of a cooperative agreement (number 95-MU-MU-K006) between the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) in the U.S. Department of Justice and the National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) and the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). Views and opinions in these publications are those of NOVA and the IACP, and do not necessarily repre- sent those of OVC. OVC, NOVA, and the IACP have a long-term commitment to implementing the kinds of victim- oriented practices described in this guide, and welcome comments and suggestions fiom readers. They may be contacted as follqws: National Organization for Victim Assistance 1757 Park Road, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20010 (202) 232-6682 fa: (202) 462-2255 e-mail: novaatry-nova.org homepage: http://www.try-nova.org International Association of Chiefs of Police 515 Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia (703) 836-6767 fa: (703) 836-4543 e-mail : firmanjatheiacp.org homepage: http://www.theiacp.org Office for Victims of Crime Office of Justice Programs United States Department of Justice 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 2053 1 (202) 307-5983 homepage: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovcl To order any of these publications, please contact the Ofice for Victims of Crime Resource Center at its Web site or at 1-800-627-6872. VICTIMSERVICESIN COMMUNITYPOLICINGPROGRAMS: THETRAINER'SGUIDE Table of Contents ChapterOne:Introductionand Overview of CommunityPolicingand Victim Assistance Concepts I. Formal introductionsand orientation ........................................... 1.1 I. Elements of CommunityPolicing .............................................. 1-2 I1. Key Elements of Victim Assistance ............................................ 1-3 FII. Three Steps for IntegratingVictim Serviceswith CommunityPolicing ................. 1-5 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ............................................ 1-7 Overheads ............................................................... 1-13 ChapterTwo: Victimizationand its Trauma 1.0verview ............................................................... 2-1 11.Elements of the Trauma of Victimization ........................................ 2-1 A. Financial Injury ........................................................ 2-2 B.PhysicalInjury ......................................................... 2-2 C.Emotional Injury ........................................................ 2-2 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ........................................... 2-11 Overheads ............................................................... 2-17 Chapter Three: Crisis Intervention and the Patrol Officer 1.Background ............................................................. 3-1 1I.AddressingVictimNeeds................................................... 3-3 A.SafetyandSecurity ......................................................3-3 B. Ventilation and Validation ................................................3-8 C. Preparation and Prediction ............................................... 3-12 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ........................................... 3-13 Overheads ............................................................... 3-19 ChapterFour: Victim Rights and Law EnforcementResponsibilities 1.Background .............................................................. 4-1 11. Legislation and Litigation on Victim Rights in the Criminal Justice System .............. 4-2 A. Right to Protection ..................................................... 4-2 B. Right to Information... and Notification ........................................ 4-6 C.RighttoCounse1 ....................................................... 4-7 D. Right to Reparations ................................................... 4-10 E. Right to Property and Employment ......................................... 4-13 F. Right to Due Process during Criminal Proceedings ............................. 4-13 G. Right to Be Treated with Dignity and Compassion in the Aftermath of Crime ......... 4-16 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ...........................................4-19 Overheads ............................................................... 4-27 ChapterFive: Working with Victim AssistanceProfessionalsin Your Community 1.Background ............................................................. 5-1 11. IdentifjmgProgram Resources ..............................................5-2 A. Review of Program Elements .............................................5-3 B. Matrix of Program Elements .............................................. 5-3 111.Models of Victim Assistance and Community Policing ............................. 5-8 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ........................................... 5-19 Overheads ............................................................... 5-23 Chapter Six: Working with Sexual Assault Victims 1.Background ............................................................. 6-1 11.Addressing the Myths of Sexual Assault ........................................ 6-1 111.Unique Attributes of SexualAssault Victimization ................................ 6-3 IV.Role of Law Enforcement Personnel .......................................... 6-6 Appendix: Notes on Sexual Assault: Common Elements of a Rape Kit Protocol ......... 6-18 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ........................................... 6-21 Overheads ............................................................... 6-31 Chapter Seven: Working with Domestic Violence Victims 1.Background ............................................................. 7-1 11. Origins and Characteristics of Domestic Violence ................................. 7-2 111. Impact of Domestic Violence ..............................................7-10 IV. The Law Enforcement Response ............................................ 7-10 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ........................................... 7-15 Overheads ............................................................... 7-23 ChapterEight: Working with SurvivorsofHomicideVictims I. The Stress and Crisis of Murder .............................................. 8-2 11.Death Notification ........................................................ 8-4 111. Interviewing Survivors of Homicide Victims .................................... 8-6 IV. Issues in ContiontingDeath ................................................ 8-8 V.Conclusion............................................................. 8-13 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ...........................................8-15 Overheads ............................................................... 8-23 Chapter Nine: Law Enforcement Response to Victims of Bias Crime I. The Impact of Culture ......................................................9-1 11. Biascrime ............................................................. 9-3 111. Strategies for Working with Bias Crime Victimization ............................9-6 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ............................................ 9-9 Overheads ............................................................... 9-15 Chapter Ten:Working with Elderly Crime Victims 1.Background ............................................................ 10-1 11. Vulnerabilities of the Elderly ............................................... 10-2 111. Nature of Crime and Abuse Among the Elderly ................................. 10-3 IV. Law Enforcement Response to Elderly Crime Victims ...........................10-8 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ..........................................10-13 Overheads .............................................................. 10-23 Chapter Eleven: Child Victims of Crime I. Background ............................................................ 11-1 11.Understanding Children's Reactions ..........................................11-2 13.1.Law Enforcement Response to Child Victims: Interview Guidelines .................. 11-6 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter ...........................................11-9 Overheads .............................................................. 11-15 Chapter Twelve: Law Enforcement Officers' Stress 1.Background ............................................................ 12-1 11. The Impact of Stress on Those Who Respond to Victimization and Violence. ........... 12-2 111. Pre-Trauma Personal Equilibrium .......................................... 12-5 IV. Developing a Personal Stress Management Plan ................................ 12-5 Appendix A: Six Stress Level Worksheets ..................................... 12-8 Appendix B: Six Stress Reduction Worksheets ................................. 12-28 The Trainer's Outline of this Chapter .......................................... 12-33 Overheads .............................................................. 12-39 Introduction and Suggestions for Trainers An Overview of Victim Assistance Programs in Law Enforcement Agencies Three grassroots innovations-two rape crisis centers and a program aiding all victims of crime - began the victims' movement in the