I Prose Fiction GNASI An Introduction to the Semiotics of Narrative R IGNASI RIBÓ IBÓ This book deserves to be read by anyone embarking on the thorny study of narratology. It guides the reader through P a tricky welter of concepts with admirable criti cal aplomb and a wealth of apposite examples, ranging from the high- Prose Fiction brow to the popular. —Prof. Clive Sco� , University of East Anglia. Given the increasing popularity of narrati ve inquiries across multi ple disciplines, a textbook on narrati ve is much needed. This book sati sfi es such a lacuna. —Prof. Shang Biwu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. An Introduction to Prose Fic� on achieves exactly what it sets out to do: it is a short, clear and easily comprehensible textbook, which provides students with an overview of what is accepted knowledge in narrati ve theory. —Prof. Florence Goyet, University of Stendhal. the Semiotics of This concise and highly accessible textbook outlines the principles and techniques of storytelling. It is Narrative intended as a high-school and college-level introduc� on to the central concepts of narra� ve theory – concepts that will aid students in developing their competence not only in analysing and interpre� ng short stories and novels, but also in wri� ng them. The author priori� ses clarity over intricacy of theory, equipping its readers with the necessary tools to embark on further study of literature, literary theory and crea� ve wri� ng. Building on a ‘semio� c model of IGNASI RIBÓ ROSE narra� ve,’ it is structured around the key elements of narratological theory, with chapters on plot, se� ng, characterisa� on, and narra� on, as well as on language and theme – elements which are underrepresented in exis� ng textbooks on narra� ve theory. The chapter on language cons� tutes essen� al reading for those F students unfamiliar with rhetoric, while the chapter on theme draws together signifi cant perspec� ves ICTION from contemporary cri� cal theory (including feminism and postcolonialism). This textbook is engaging and easily navigable, with key concepts highlighted and clearly explained, both in the text and in a full glossary located at the end of the book. Throughout the textbook the reader is aided by diagrams, images, quotes from prominent theorists, and instruc� ve examples from classical and popular short stories and novels. Prose Ficti oncan either be incorporated as the main textbook into a wider syllabus on narra� ve theory and crea� ve wri� ng, or it can be used as a supplementary reference book for readers interested in narra� ve fi c� on. The textbook is a must-read for students of narratology, especially those with no or limited prior experience in this area. It is of especial relevance to English and Humani� es major students in Asia, for whom it was conceived and wri� en. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www. openbookpublishers.com Cover image: Photo by chutt ersnap on Unsplash at htt ps://unsplash.com/photos/AG2Ct_DqCh0 Cover design: Anna Gatti book eebook and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS www.openbookpublishers.com OBP PROSE FICTION Prose Fiction An Introduction to the Semiotics of Narrative Ignasi Ribó https://www.openbookpublishers.com/ © 2019 Ignasi Ribó This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Ignasi Ribó, Prose Fiction: An Introduction to the Semiotics of Narrative. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0187 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0187#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Any digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0187#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-809-9 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-810-5 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-811-2 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-812-9 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-813-6 ISBN Digital (XML): 978-1-78374-814-3 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0187 Cover image: Photo by chuttersnap on Unsplash at https://unsplash.com/photos/ AG2Ct_DqCh0 Cover design: Anna Gatti Contents About the Author vii Acknowledgements ix Preface xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Narrative? 2 1.2 Genres 4 1.3 Prose Fiction 6 1.4 Story and Discourse 9 1.5 Beyond Literature 11 Summary 13 References 14 2. Plot 17 2.1 The Thread of Narrative 18 2.2 Emplotment 20 2.3 Beginnings, Middles, and Ends 22 2.4 Conflict and Resolution 26 2.5 Suspense and Surprise 29 Summary 30 References 31 3. Setting 33 3.1 The World of Narrative 34 3.2 Topography and Atmosphere 36 3.3 Kinds of Setting 38 3.4 Description 40 3.5 Verisimilitude 42 Summary 44 References 45 4. Characterisation 47 4.1 The Actants of Narrative 49 4.2 Individuation 50 4.3 Kinds of Character 54 4.4 Representing Characters 57 4.5 Dialogue 60 Summary 62 References 62 5. Narration 65 5.1 The Expression of Narrative 66 5.2 Narrators and Narratees 68 5.3 Focalisation 71 5.4 Telling and Showing 74 5.5 Commentary 76 Summary 78 References 79 6. Language 81 6.1 The Style of Narrative 82 6.2 Foregrounding 84 6.3 Figures of Speech 86 6.4 Symbolism 89 6.5 Translation 91 Summary 93 References 93 7. Theme 95 7.1 The Meaning of Narrative 96 7.2 Identity 98 7.3 Ideology 101 7.4 Morality 103 7.5 Art and Politics 105 Summary 106 References 107 Bibliography 109 Illustrations 113 Examples of Short Stories and Novels 119 Glossary of Narrative Terms 135 vii About the Author About the Author Ignasi Ribó (Ph.D. in Modern European Literature and Thought, University of Sussex) is a Catalan writer and scholar. He has been teaching Literary Theory and Semiotics at university level for more than ten years and currently works as a Lecturer in the School of Liberal Arts at Mae Fah Luang University (Chiang Rai, Thailand). Ignasi is the author of several novels, as well as academic essays on literary theory, comparative literature, ecocriticism, biosemiotics, cultural ecology, and environmental philosophy. More information on the author’s website: https://www.ignasiribo.com ix Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to thank the School of Liberal Arts at Mae Fah Luang University (MFU) for giving me the opportunity to teach the ‘Short Stories and Novels’ course to English-major third-year students. This textbook was specifically written for this course and would probably have never seen the light of day, at least in this form, if I had not been assigned this task. In particular, I would like to thank the coordinator of the course, Ajarn Teeranuch Anurit, as well as Ajarn Panida Monyanont and Ajarn Khanisara Sirisit, who taught this and other literary courses with me at MFU. It was an enjoyable and rewarding experience being part of this literature team. I would also like to thank my English major students, who mostly came from Thailand, but in some cases also from Korea, Japan, China, Bhutan, and Myanmar, for their interest and willingness to learn the basics of narrative theory, especially considering that most of them had limited experience in literary studies before attending MFU. This book was written for them and for many other students like them who might be interested in studying this subject elsewhere. I also want to thank the anonymous reviewers who contributed to improving the quality of the book with their insightful comments and suggestions during the peer review process. Finally, I would like to thank Alessandra Tosi and the editorial team at Open Book Publishers for believing in this textbook and making it available to readers and students around the world. At a time when the publishing industry tends to look at its bottom line more than at the lines it prints, it is a truly commendable enterprise to produce high-quality academic books that can be accessed, read and used by everyone free of charge. xi Preface Preface This book is a college-level introduction to the concepts of narrative theory (or narratology) that students need in order to develop their competence in analysing, interpreting and writing prose fiction. The book has been conceived and written for undergraduate students majoring in English literature and language, as well as in other disciplines of the Humanities, in Asia. In general, Asian students have only had a limited exposure to Western literature and literary theories during their high-school education. The book aims to provide an easy-to-follow introduction for these students, giving them the tools to read and engage in critical discussion of narrative texts without burdening them with excessive historical or theoretical details.