The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Impact of Incarceration on Young Offenders Author: Kristy N. Matsuda Document No.: 227403 Date Received: June 2009 Award Number: 2007-IJ-CX-0007 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Impact of Incarceration on Young Offenders Kristy N. Matsuda Department of Criminology, Law and Society University of California, Irvine April 27, 2009 This project was supported by Grant No. 2007‐IJ‐CX‐0007 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE The Impact of Incarceration on Young Offenders DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Criminology, Law and Society by Kristy Nana Matsuda Dissertation Committee: Professor Cheryl Lee Maxson, Chair Professor Valerie Jenness Professor Elizabeth Cauffman 2009 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. © 2009 Kristy Nana Matsuda This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The dissertation of Kristy Nana Matsuda is approved and is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and in digital formats: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Chair University of California, Irvine 2009 ii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. DEDICATION To my family, friends, and Mike iii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii CURRICULUM VITAE ix ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION xv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Theory and Literature Review 12 CHAPTER 2: Site Description 44 CHAPTER 3: Methods 54 CHAPTER 4: Data Analysis 84 CHAPTER 5: Discussion and Conclusion 136 REFERENCES 149 iv This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Depiction of legal and social age of maturity in relation to age 14 and crime commission pre‐World War II Figure 2 Depiction of legal and social age of maturity in relation to age 16 and crime commission today (i.e., Post‐World War II) Figure 3 Diagram of previous and current theories of importation and 23 deprivation in relation to serious offending Figure 4 Survival curves for youth sentenced in juvenile and criminal 88 court Figure 5 Survival curves for youth housed in CYA and CDC facilities 89 Figure 6 Survival curves for juveniles in CYA, criminals in CYA, and 91 criminals in CDC Figure 7 Survival curves of each category of age at release for entire 128 sample Figure 8 Percent recommitment by age at release categories for three 130 groups v This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Deprivation of Development theory describing the potential 24 impact of deprivation and importation factors on the transition to adulthood (predicted direction of effect on development marker + or ‐) Table 2 Characteristics of study sample 62 Table 3 Rates of recommitment by sentencing court for young versus 86 older at admission Table 4 Rates of recommitment by sentencing court and housing 90 jurisdiction (a three group comparison) Table 5 The 25% and median survival times for three groups 93 Table 6 Means (standard deviations) and percentages of three groups 93 by covariates Table 7 Chi‐square and t‐test analysis of importation and deprivation 99 measures on likelihood of recommitment Table 8 Importation and deprivation effect on rate of recommitment 106 for juvenile court commitments housed in the CYA Table 9 The 25% and median survival times for juveniles in CYA 108 Table 10 Importation and deprivation effects on rate of recommitment 113 for criminal court commitments housed in CYA Table 11 The 25% and median survival times for criminals in the CYA 114 Table 12 Importation and deprivation effects on rate of recommitment 118 for criminal court commitments housed in CDC Table 13 The 25% and median survival times for criminals in CDC 119 Table 14 Recommitment rates distinguished by age at release 127 categories vi This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Award number 2007‐IJ‐CX‐0007. Points of view or opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of U.S. Department of Justice. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Christine Crossland for her help, understanding, and encouragement through the process. The University of California, Irvine, School of Social Ecology, and Department of Criminology, Law and Society has provided numerous awards and outstanding support throughout my time here. It is much appreciated. They have consistently gone above and beyond. My deepest gratitude to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation and their research staff for approving this research and committing their personnel to ensure it could happen. Betty Viscuso, Rudy Haapanen, and Lee Britton deserve special recognition for their efforts on my behalf. It certainly could not have been done without them. I have had few opportunities to publicly thank my advisor, chair, and mentor, Cheryl Maxson. Words cannot begin to express the immense gratitude I have for her guidance, time, mind, and faith. She has taught me about research but also about professionalism and life in general. I can honestly say that I have enjoyed every moment of my training, and this is solely because of the relationship we have. She has allowed the work to be challenging, rewarding, and fun. Val Jenness deserves my thanks for being far more than just a committee member. It has been a distinct pleasure and honor to work with her, learn from her, and laugh with her. Throughout these past seven years, she has pushed me to make my work more interesting and relevant (and a push from Val is no ordinary push). I am thankful. I am grateful to Elizabeth Cauffman for her enthusiasm for this research and her devotion to its completion. Thank you for adding unique insight and support. The faculty at the University of California, Irvine has been extremely generous with their wisdom. They have greatly improved this work. In particular, John Hipp, Susan Turner, Elliott Currie, Joan Petersilia, George Tita, Carroll Seron, Jo Ann Prause, Sara Wakefield, and Dick McCleary. Thank you to my brilliant colleagues who have made this journey both fruitful and fun.