TRENDS IN IOWA WILDLIFE POPULATIONS AND HARVEST 2010 Iowa Department of Natural Resources Roger L. Lande, Director October 2011 TRENDS IN IOWA WILDLIFE POPULATIONS AND HARVEST 2010 Compiled by: Peter Fritzell Chapters Prepared by: Tom Litchfield White-tailed Deer Todd Gosselink Wild Turkeys Vince Evelsizer Furbearers Guy Zenner Waterfowl Todd Bogenschutz Upland Wildlife Pat Schlarbaum Peregrine Falcon Pat Schlarbaum Osprey Pat Schlarbaum Sandhill Crane Bruce Ehresman Bald Eagle Vince Evelsizer River Otter Vince Evelsizer Bobcat Vince Evelsizer Mountain Lion Vince Evelsizer Black Bear Vince Evelsizer Gray Wolf David Hoffman Trumpeter Swan Stephanie Shepherd Greater Prairie Chicken Steve Roberts Bowhunter Observation Survey CONSERVATION & RECREATION DIVISION October 2011 Iowa Department of Natural Resources ROGER L. LANDE, Director TABLE OF CONTENTS (Sections were submitted as PDF documents by authors. Page numbering provided here indicates the page in the compiled digital file. Numbering that appears within the file exists if authors chose to number their individual sections separately.) WHITE-TAILED DEER Historical perspective .....................................................................................................................9 2010 Hunting Season Results .......................................................................................................10 Population surveys ........................................................................................................................15 Outlook for 2011 ...........................................................................................................................16 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................18 Tables…. .......................................................................................................................................24 WILD TURKEYS Historical perspective ...................................................................................................................37 Spring harvest survey ....................................................................................................................38 Youth Turkey Season………………………………………………………………………………………39 Fall harvest survey ........................................................................................................................39 Brood survey .................................................................................................................................42 Figures ...........................................................................................................................................45 Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 FURBEARERS Historical perspective and current season results ........................................................................63 Tables ............................................................................................................................................70 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................78 WATERFOWL Duck breeding populations ...........................................................................................................81 Giant Canada Goose Populations .................................................................................................81 Waterfowl harvests ........................................................................................................................82 Waterfowl seasons ........................................................................................................................83 Waterfowl banding ........................................................................................................................83 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................84 Tables ...........................................................................................................................................86 UPLAND WILDLIFE Historical summary of populations and harvest .........................................................................105 2010-11 Small Game Harvest Survey…………………………………………………………………110 Tables ..........................................................................................................................................112 Figures ........................................................................................................................................127 WILDLIFE RESTORATION – 2010-2011 activities Peregrine Falcon Restoration ....................................................................................................137 River Otter Restoration................................................................................................................155 Greater Prairie Chicken Restoration ..........................................................................................171 Trumpeter Swan Restoration .......................................................................................................183 Osprey Restoration .....................................................................................................................193 Sandhill Crane Status in Iowa ....................................................................................................203 Bald Eagle Restoration ...............................................................................................................209 Bobcats Status in Iowa ................................................................................................................217 Mountain Lion Status in Iowa .....................................................................................................227 Black Bear Status in Iowa ...........................................................................................................231 Gray Wolf Status in Iowa…..……………………………………………………………….………….. 235 PRIOR RESTORATIONS – without 2010 - 2011 activities Ruffed Grouse …………………………(Archived in 2002, http://www.iowadnr.gov/wildlife/)…….. Wild Turkeys …………………………(Archived in 2002, http://www.iowadnr.gov/wildlife/)……… Canada Geese ……………….…….(Archived in 2001, http://www.iowadnr.gov/wildlife/)…….. APPENDICES Bowhunter Observation Survey ………………………………………………………………………241 Ruffed Grouse Observation Survey …………………………………………………………………..263 WHITE-TAILED DEER Historical Perspective federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Standing corn also provides ideal White-tailed deer (Odocoileus habitat for part of the year since it virginianus) were reported to be quite provides cover, easy travel lanes, and food abundant when European settlers arrived in during portions of the growth cycle. Iowa in the early 1800's. Although the Urban environments can also prove to be clearing and cultivating of land for good habitat for deer, especially if there agriculture may have initially improved the are green belts, parks or other natural suitability of the landscape for deer, spaces nearby. uncontrolled exploitation for food and hides Deer utilize almost all plants for rapidly reduced deer numbers. By 1880 food at one time or another during the deer were rarely sighted in much of the year. Deer feeding habits can best be state and in 1898 the deer season was described as being widely selective as legally closed. By this time deer had been deer will sample many plants while virtually eliminated from all parts of the feeding but often utilize a single, palatable state. source of food for the majority of their Re-establishment of deer into the diet seasonally. Preferred foods change state can be traced to escapes and releases throughout the year in response to from captive herds and translocation and changing metabolic demands and forage natural immigration from deer herds in availability. surrounding states. A conservative estimate The whitetail's ability to thrive in of the population in 1936 placed statewide Iowa is likely the result of abundant, numbers at between 500 and 700 animals. reliable food sources and a winter climate This small herd grew steadily. By 1950 where snow depths rarely exceed 12" for a deer were reported in most counties and the prolonged length of time. These factors statewide estimate topped 10,000. combine to allow deer to come through Concentrations in some areas were the "winter bottleneck" in excellent beginning to cause problems by damaging condition. The excellent nutrition also agricultural crops in addition to some enables deer to have high reproductive complaints concerning deer/vehicle rates. Many does in Iowa give birth to a collisions. In response to these problems single fawn at one year of age and 2 fawns the first modern deer season was held in each subsequent year. Deer in the wild December of 1953 and 4,000 deer were can maintain these high reproductive rates killed. The harvest in 1996 exceeded until they are past 10 years of age. Past 100,000 for the first time ever. research in Iowa has found that 8 to 12% Although deer are frequently of adult does have 3 fawns. associated with forested areas, they are Another reason that deer do so very adaptable and will utilize many well in Iowa is that they are very mobile. different types of habitat as long as the Although many deer never move far from area provides adequate cover.