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'##ÿ5ÿC055#4('ÿ49ÿ'&66#'(#9ÿC@46#'ÿ1#ÿ6#4#1!!ÿ2#1ÿ5 401ÿ49ÿ50'(!ÿ 420!2#ÿC!1 ) C( 04'ÿT0&(ÿ3@(ÿC4ÿT#ÿC04' 9#1#9ÿ 1#'04T!#ÿ 4)#1#4C#ÿ)105ÿ(@#ÿ! 5 (#9ÿ2 !T!#ÿ9(B ÿ f#'(ÿ3 '@#'ÿ)01ÿÿA#C#)&!ÿ0! 9ÿ'#'04Bÿ 4C#1#! ÿ 95 ÿ ÿ ghÿffijag` khglggkgqÿmmÿXanxrqobfY`axag`vpxipÿ Rq rrhhhhgÿ q obfY`aqsqeaikhglvnptÿ RPq rrhhhhkÿ q obfY`aqxgtbhiÿxtÿtgara`ÿeh`ibx`Yraÿuxrvnptÿ Pq rrhhhhvÿ q bfY`aqafbqkhglvnptÿ Vq rrhhhhwÿ q xyar`qafbqkhglvnptÿ Rq rrhhhhzÿ Hq @((A'$5 !B6006!#BC055 !&D& EF GE#H#I9#PIFQ'2#1E48P0CR82S1CB#4BFCT!E65 !U)#UBHUAVF2 #3EA(F5'6ERITHTIRPCF'UW U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Status Assessment Report Panamint Alligator Lizard (Elgaria panamintina) External Peer and Partner Review November 2017 Please Do Not Cite or Distribute Cover Photos Top: Adult male (left) and adult female (right) Panamint alligator lizards photographed in upper Silver Canyon, White Mountains, California by permitted biologist Adam G. Clause. The photo illustrates some of the color variation in the Panamint alligator lizard, including tail re-growth. However, it does not illustrate sexual dichromatism; many females have coloration similar to the male shown in this photo, and vice versa. (Photo © A.G. Clause, used with permission) Bottom: Talus rockpile and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis) riparian vegetation in upper Piute Creek, White Mountains, California. This locality illustrates a classic duality of occupied Panamint alligator lizard habitat: expansive, poorly vegetated rockpiles and dense riparian thickets. (Photo © A.G. Clause, used with permission) Comment [a1]: Very flattered that you chose to use these photos! Thank you. Recommended Citation U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Species status assessment report for the Panamint alligator lizard (Elgaria panamintina). November 2017. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Sacramento, California. Acknowledgements This document was prepared by Gjon Hazard with contributions and assistance from Deborah Giglio, Bradd Bridges, Erin Nordin, ___XXX___. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided funding to Professor H. Bradley Shaffer and his Ph.D. candidate student Erin Toffelmier of University of California, Los Angeles, to do a genomic study of the Panamint alligator lizard. We thank them for providing expedited preliminary results to help inform this Species Status Assessment Report. We appreciate the helpful comments provided by peer and partner reviewers, who included ___XXX____. Adam G. Clause generously shared his photographs and other information. SSA Report—Panamint Alligator Lizard November 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To be added… i SSA Report—Panamint Alligator Lizard November 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ............................................................................................................ viii 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Previous Federal Actions under the Act ..................................................................................... 1 2.0 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 2 Analytical Framework ................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 Species’ Description and TAXONOMY ................................................................................ 4 Taxonomy .................................................................................................................................... 4 4.0 Biogeography .................................................................................................................... 67 Panamint Alligator Lizard Range ............................................................................................... 67 Panamint Alligator Lizard Distribution ...................................................................................... 10 Regional Setting .................................................................................................................... 1211 Topography ............................................................................................................................... 14 Climate ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Vegetation ................................................................................................................................. 15 Panamint Alligator Lizard Geographic Variation....................................................................... 16 5.0 Life History ........................................................................................................................ 18 Life Cycle ................................................................................................................................... 18 Thermoregulation ..................................................................................................................... 20 Foraging .................................................................................................................................... 21 Hydration .................................................................................................................................. 22 Movements and Dispersal .................................................................................................... 2322 Predators and Predator Avoidance........................................................................................... 23 6.0 Habitat .............................................................................................................................. 24 Use Areas .................................................................................................................................. 24 Refugia ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Natural Stochastic Disturbance ............................................................................................ 2726 Land-use Context ...................................................................................................................... 27 7.0 Species’ Needs .................................................................................................................. 32 Individual-level Needs ............................................................................................................... 32 ii SSA Report—Panamint Alligator Lizard November 2017 Feeding .................................................................................................................................. 32 Breeding ................................................................................................................................ 32 Sheltering .............................................................................................................................. 33 Population-level Needs ............................................................................................................. 33 Dispersal ................................................................................................................................ 34 Species-level Needs .................................................................................................................. 34 Species’ Needs Summary .......................................................................................................... 35 8.0 Current Conditions ............................................................................................................ 36 Population Condition ................................................................................................................ 36 Cause and Effects .................................................................................................................. 4241 Evaluated Stressors ............................................................................................................... 4443 Reduced Surface Water .................................................................................................... 4443 Degraded Riparian Vegetation