Updated Investment Strategy Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot 2020 – 2025 Prepared by: Burung Indonesia On behalf of: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Drafted by the ecosystem profiling team: Adi Widyanto Ria Saryanthi Jihad Pete Wood Lalu Abdi Wirastami Yudi Herdiana With the assistance of: Burung Indonesia CEPF Andi Faisal Alwi Dan Rothberg Ratna Palupi Vincentia Ismar Widyasari BirdLife International Andrew Plumptre Mike Crosby Gill Bunting With additional assistance from 96 individuals in Indonesia Baileo Rony J Siwabessy Baileo Nus Ukru Balang Institute Adam Kurniawan BARAKAT Benediktus Bedil Burung Indonesia Muhammad Meisa Burung Indonesia Agung Dewantara Burung Indonesia Amsurya Warman Burung Indonesia Tiburtius Hani Burung Indonesia Dwi W Central Sulawesi Marine Affairs and Fisheries M. Edward Yusuf. Agency Conservation International Abraham Sianipar Coral Triangle Center Marthen Welly Dept. of Fisheries Utilization, IPB University Budy Wiryawan Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Banggai Kepulauan Ferdy Salamat Hasanuddin University Abigail Mary Moore IMUNITAS Shadiq Maumbu Japesda Gorontalo Ahmad Bahsoan Khairun University Ternate M Nasir Tamalene Komunitas Teras Imran Tumora LPPM Maluku Piet Wairisal 2 Maluku Province Marine Affairs and Fisheries Zainal Agency Maluku Province Marine Affairs and Fisheries Elin Talahatu Agency Manengkel Solidaritas Viando Emanuel Manarisip Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Toni Ruchimat Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Andi Rusandi Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Pingkan Roeroe Muhammad Subhan Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Wattiheluw Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Amehr Hakim Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Suwardi Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Erina Nelly Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Muhammad Saifullah Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Yudit Tia Lestari Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Firdaus Agung Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agus Sapari Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Noberta Oktaviani Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Bustamin Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ihsan Ramli Muhammadiyah University Luwuk Abdul Gani Pattimura University James Abrahamsz Perkumpulan OASE Andi Adriadi Perkumpulan WALLACEA Basri Andang Perkumpulan YAPEKA Efra Wantah Perkumpulan YAPEKA Topan Cahyono RARE Indonesia Stuart Campbell Relawan Orang dan Alam Mochammad Subarkah SALANGGAR Ellyas Palalas SIKAP Institute Muhammad Akib Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Dessy Anggraeni Tadulako University Samliok Ndobe USAID SEA Project Rudyanto USAID SEA Project Noora Febrianie WCS Indonesia Irfan Yulianto Wildlife Conservation Society - Indonesia Shinta Pardede Programme Yayasan Konservasi Laut Indonesia Nuryamin Yayasan Panorama Alam Lestari Fadhil Abdullah Yayasan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Sosial Melky Koly Baran Yayasan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Sosial Magdalena Rianghepat Yayasan Rumah Ganeca Marsel Ivan Korompis Yayasan SEMANK Sri Endah Widiyanti Yayasan SEMANK Mufti murhum Yayasan Tananua Hironimus Pala 3 Yayasan Tananua Metty independent Ahmad Wahyudi independent Ariq Naufal Trisarjono independent Eveline Wahyuningtyas independent Hazman Fillin independent Yusran Nurdin Massa independent Pemela Loupatty independent Robi Ricardo independent Yogie Chrisswarsono independent Muhammad Eka Rahman independent Christopel Paino independent Nila Olfia Rahmawati independent Hadi Purwanto independent Dodik Afriyanto independent Nirwan independent Hj Rahmah independent Benyamin Gosa independent Abd Habir independent Muhammad Korebima independent Ruwaidah independent Gusti Dianda Sari independent Aprelia Martina independent Bas Wurlianty independent Hulwatun Nibras Saidah independent Fret Ariyanto Tokandari independent Wigatiningsih independent Supeno Surija independent Sonny Lahati independent Junaedi H independent Erlyn Manuel independent Juanita Sopahel independent Wawan AG independent Venika Satria independent Ikhsan independent Armin Lestaluhu 4 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 7 2. BACKGROUND: LESSONS FROM PHASE 1 AND THE UPDATING PROCESS ......... 7 2.1. THE INVESTMENT STRATEGY FOR PHASE 1 (2014 – 2020) ............................................................. 7 2.2. OVERVIEW OF CEPF INVESTMENT IN PHASE 1 ............................................................................10 2.3. MARINE PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW .............................................................................................11 2.4. SUMMARY OF IMPACTS OF GRANTS ..........................................................................................14 2.5. LESSONS FROM PHASE 1 TO APPLY TO PHASE 2 ..........................................................................17 2.6. THE UPDATING PROCESS ....................................................................................................21 3. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE HOTSPOT ................................................ 22 4. CONSERVATION OUTCOMES DEFINED FOR THE HOTSPOT .............................. 22 4.1. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................22 4.1.1 Methodological Limitations and Improving the Analysis ............................................................ 23 4.2. CONSERVATION OUTCOMES .................................................................................................24 4.2.1 Species Outcomes ............................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Site Outcomes .................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Corridor Outcomes .............................................................................................................. 32 5. SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT OF THE HOTSPOT ............................................... 42 6. POLICY CONTEXT OF THE HOTSPOT ............................................................... 42 6.1. INDONESIA ....................................................................................................................42 6.1.1 Overview of the National Political Situation ............................................................................. 42 6.1.2 Natural Resource Policies and Laws........................................................................................ 42 6.1.3 Institutions for Implementation of Resource Management Policy ................................................ 44 6.1.4 Land Tenure ....................................................................................................................... 46 6.1.5 Marine Tenure ..................................................................................................................... 46 6.1.6 Spatial and Land-Use Planning .............................................................................................. 47 6.1.7 Development Policies and Programs ....................................................................................... 48 6.1.8 Decentralization and Natural Resource Management ................................................................ 48 6.1.9 Good Governance in the Hotspot ........................................................................................... 49 6.1.10 Indonesia’s Commitments Under Global Agreements .............................................................. 49 6.1.10.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ........................................................................... 50 6.1.10.2 Ramsar Convention ......................................................................................................... 50 6.1.10.3 Biosphere Reserves ......................................................................................................... 50 6.1.10.4 World Heritage Convention ............................................................................................... 50 6.1.10.5 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ................................... 50 6.1.10.6 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ................. 50 6.1.11 Indonesia’s Commitments Under Regional Agreements ........................................................... 51 7. CIVIL SOCIETY CONTEXT OF THE HOTSPOT ................................................... 52 7.1. INDONEISA ....................................................................................................................52 7.1.1 Civil Society Organizations in Indonesian Wallacea .................................................................. 52 7.1.2 Operating Environment for CSOs in Indonesia ......................................................................... 52 7.1.3 Civil Society Programs and Activities in Indonesian Wallacea..................................................... 53 7.1.4 Civil Society Capacity in Indonesian Wallacea .......................................................................... 58 8. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN WALLACEA.................................................... 64 8.1. OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.............................................................................64 8.1.1. Unsustainable fishing and overexploitation of marine natural resources ..................................... 64 8.1.2. Pollution