WHAT IS FAIR PUBLIC POLICY? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLICIES, SERVICES AND SUPPORT FOR MILITARY VETERANS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES LCol M.H. Higuchi JCSP 41 PCEMI 41 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs do not represent Department of National Defence or et ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used Ministère de la Défense nationale ou des Forces without written permission. canadiennes. Ce papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2015. le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2015. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 41 – PCEMI 41 2014 – 2015 MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES – MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE WHAT IS FAIR PUBLIC POLICY? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLICIES, SERVICES AND SUPPORT FOR MILITARY VETERANS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES By LCol M.H. Higuchi “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is a exigences du cours. L'étude est un scholastic document, and thus contains document qui se rapporte au cours et facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et correct for the subject. It does not convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète pas necessarily reflect the policy or the nécessairement la politique ou l'opinion opinion of any agency, including the d'un organisme quelconque, y compris le Government of Canada and the gouvernement du Canada et le ministère Canadian Department of National de la Défense nationale du Canada. Il est Defence. This paper may not be défendu de diffuser, de citer ou de released, quoted or copied, except with reproduire cette étude sans la permission the express permission of the Canadian expresse du ministère de la Défense Department of National Defence.” nationale.” Word Count: 19681 Compte de mots : 19681 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 6 Differences Between Social and Political Sciences .................................................................... 6 Public Values and Perceptions .................................................................................................... 7 Historical Institutionalism ........................................................................................................... 8 Other Methods of Public Policy Analysis ................................................................................. 10 Challenges of Cross-National Comparative Methods............................................................... 14 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3 - CANADIAN VALUES AND VETERANS SUPPORT POLICY ....................... 18 Canadian Values ........................................................................................................................ 18 Welfare Services ................................................................................................................... 19 Disability Support ................................................................................................................. 20 Healthcare Services ............................................................................................................... 21 The Canadian Armed Forces ................................................................................................. 22 Historical Background of Canadian Veterans Services............................................................. 23 Great War Veterans ............................................................................................................... 24 WWII Veterans ...................................................................................................................... 25 Evolution of the Veterans Charter ......................................................................................... 27 The New Veterans Charter .................................................................................................... 28 Services Provided to Canadian Veterans ................................................................................... 29 Services Provided by Veteran Affairs Canada ...................................................................... 30 Services Provided by Other Federal Government Departments ........................................... 32 Services Provided by Provinces ............................................................................................ 33 Services Provided by Private Groups ................................................................................... 34 Development of Canadian Veterans Policy ............................................................................... 34 Public Policy Trends ............................................................................................................. 35 Successes of the New Veterans Charter ................................................................................ 38 Perceived Gaps of the New Veterans Charter ....................................................................... 39 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 40 ii CHAPTER 4 - AMERICAN VALUES AND VETERANS SUPPORT POLICY ........................ 42 American Values ....................................................................................................................... 42 Welfare Services ................................................................................................................... 43 Healthcare Services ............................................................................................................... 44 American Military and its Veterans ...................................................................................... 45 Historical Background of American Veterans Services ............................................................ 47 WWI Veterans Support ......................................................................................................... 47 WWII Evolution of Veterans Services .................................................................................. 48 Veterans Support Benefits 1960 – Present ............................................................................ 51 Services Provided to American Veterans .................................................................................. 53 Services Provided by US Department of Veterans Affairs ................................................... 53 Services Provided by Other Government Agencies .............................................................. 55 Services Provided by Private Organizations ......................................................................... 56 Development of American Veterans Policy .............................................................................. 57 Public Policy Trends ............................................................................................................. 57 Evaluation of Current DVA Policies ..................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5 - COMPARISON BETWEEN US AND CANADIAN SERVICES ....................... 65 Public Values and Policy Similarities ....................................................................................... 65 Public Policy Differences ......................................................................................................... 67 Comparison of Veterans’ Support Policies ................................................................................ 71 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 76 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 81 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - American Confidence in Institutions ............................................................................ 46 Figure 2 - Participation