bisagra bisagra In the year of the Arab uprisings GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH 2011 investigates how governments and internet and mobile phone companies are GLOBAL INFORMATION 2011 trying to restrict freedom online – and how citizens are responding to this using 2011 the very same technologies. SOCIETY WATCH 2011 Everyone is familiar with the stories of Egypt and Tunisia. GISWATCH authors tell these and other lesser-known stories from more than 60 countries. Stories about: INTERNET RIGHTS AND DEMOCRATISATION ETY WATCH PRISON CONDITIONS IN ARGENTINA Prisoners are using the internet to protest ETY WATCH Focus on freedom of expression and association online I I living conditions and demand respect for their rights. TORTURE IN INDONESIA The torture of two West Papuan farmers was recorded ON SOC on a mobile phone and leaked to the internet. The video spread to well-known ON SOC I human rights sites sparking public outrage and a formal investigation by the I authorities. THE TSUNAMI IN JAPAN Citizens used social media to share actionable information during the devastating tsunami, and in the aftermath online discussions contradicted misleading reports coming from state authorities. GISWATCH also includes thematic reports and an introduction from Frank La Rue, UN special rapporteur. GLOBAL INFORMAT GLOBAL INFORMAT GISWATCH 2011 is the fifth in a series of yearly reports that critically cover the state of the information society from the perspectives of civil society organisations across the world. GISWATCH is a joint initiative of the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) and the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries (Hivos). GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH 2011 Report www.GISWatch.org ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC) AND HUMANIST INSTITUTE FOR COOPERATION WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Hivos) Tapa GISW2011.indd 1 28/11/11 02:04 PM bisagra bisagra This edition of Global Information Society Watch is dedicated to the people of the Arab revolutions whose courage in the face of violence and repression reminded the world that people working together for change have the power to claim the rights they are entitled to. Global Information Society Watch 2011 Steering committee Anriette Esterhuysen (APC) & Loe Schout (Hivos) Coordinating committee Karen Banks (APC), Monique Doppert (Hivos), Karen Higgs (APC) Marjan Besuijen (Hivos), Joy Liddicoat (APC), Pablo Accuosto (APC), Valeria Betancourt (APC) Cover illustration Matías Bervejillo Proofreading Stephanie Biscomb, Valerie Dee and Lori Nordstrom Financial partners Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries (Hivos) Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) The views expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors and not necessarily those of APC or Hivos Project coordinator Karen Banks Editor Alan Finlay Assistant editor Lori Nordstrom Publication production Karen Higgs, Analía Lavin and Flavia Fascendini Graphic design monocromo [email protected] / Phone: +598 2 400 1685 APC and Hivos would like to thank the Swedish International Cooperation Agency (Sida) for its support for Global Information Society Watch 2011. Printed in Goa, India by Dog Ears Books & Printing Global Information Society Watch Published by APC and Hivos South Africa 2011 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Some rights reserved. ISSN: 2225-4625 APC-201111-CIPP-R-EN-PDF-0105 ISBN: 978-92-95096-14-1 Table of contents Preface . 7 Internet charters and principles United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right Internet charters and principles: to Freedom of Opinion and Expression - FRANK LA RUE Trends and insights . 49 Global Partners and Associates - DIXIE HAWTIN Introduction . 8 Electronic Frontier Foundation - JILLIAN C. YORK Mapping rights Thematic reports Mapping internet rights and freedom Conceptualising accountability of expression . 55 and recourse . 13 ict Development Associates - DAVID SOUTER Association for Progressive Communications - JOY LIDDICOAT Country reports Freedom of expression on the internet: Implications for foreign policy . 18 Introduction . 63 European University Institute - BEN WAGNER Alan Finlay Argentina . 66 Towards a cyber security strategy Nodo TAU for global civil society? . 21 The Canada Centre for Global Security Studies Australia . 70 and the Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, EngageMedia Collective Inc. University of Toronto - RON DEIBERT Bangladesh . 74 VOICE Internet intermediaries: The new cyber police? . 25 Benin . 78 CréACTION BENIN European Digital Rights - JOE MCNAMEE Bolivia . 81 E-revolutions and cyber crackdowns: REDES Foundation User-generated content and social Bosnia and Herzegovina . 85 networking in protests in MENA oneworld-platform for southeast europe (owpsee) and beyond . 29 Justus Liebig University Giessen - ALEX COMNINOS Brazil . 89 GPoPAI-USP The internet and social movements Bulgaria . 92 in North Africa . 36 BlueLink Foundation Egyptian Blog for Human Rights - RAMY RAOOF Cameroon . 96 PROTEGE QV Workers’ rights and the internet . 40 LaborNet - STEVE ZELTZER China . 99 Danwei Sexuality and women’s rights . 44 Colombia . 103 Association for Progressive Communications - Colnodo JAC SM KEE and JAN MOOLMAN Congo, Republic of . 107 AZUR Développement Costa Rica . 110 Sulá Batsú Côte d’Ivoire . 113 Nepal . 195 nnenna.org Panos South Asia Croatia . 116 The Netherlands . 198 ZaMirNET Institute for Information Law Ecuador . 119 New Zealand . 202 IMAGINAR Jordan Carter Ltd. Internet Consulting Egypt . 123 Nigeria . 206 ArabDev Fantsuam Foundation Ethiopia . 127 Occupied Palestinian Territory . 209 Ethiopian Free and Open Source Software Network Applied Information Management (AIM) (EFOSSNET) Pakistan . 212 France . 130 Bytes for All Pakistan VECAM Peru . 215 India . 134 Red Científica Peruana and CONDESAN Digital Empowerment Foundation Romania . 218 Indonesia . 138 StrawberryNet Foundation EngageMedia Collective Inc. Rwanda . 222 Iran . 142 Media High Council Arseh Sevom School Saudia Arabia . 226 Italy . 146 Saudi Arabian Strategic Internet With the support of Centro Nexa Consultancy (SASIc) Jamaica . 150 Spain . 229 Telecommunications Policy Pangea and BarcelonaTech (UPC) and Management Programme, University of the West Indies Sweden . 233 Association for Progressive Communications (APC) Japan . 154 Institute for InfoSocionomics and information Switzerland . 236 Comunica-ch Support pro bono Platform (iSPP) Jordan . 159 Tanzania . 240 Collaboration on International ICT Policy Alarab Alyawm for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) Kazakhstan . 163 Adil Nurmakov Thailand . 243 Thai Netizen Network Kenya . 168 Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) Tunisia . 247 Arab World Internet Institute Korea, Republic of . 172 Korean Progressive Network Jinbonet United Kingdom . 251 Open Rights Group Kyrgyzstan . 176 Civil Initiative on Internet Policy (CIIP) United States . 257 Sex Work Awareness Lebanon . 180 Uruguay . 261 Mireille Raad OBSERVATIC, Universidad de la República Mexico . 184 LaNeta Venezuela . 264 EsLaRed Morocco . 188 DiploFoundation Zambia . 268 Ceejay Multimedia Consultancy Mozambique . 191 Polly Gaster Preface Unlike any other medium, the internet enables offer, amongst other things, an analysis of how individuals to seek, receive and impart informa- human rights are framed in the context of the tion and ideas of all kinds instantaneously and internet, the progressive use of criminal law inexpensively across national borders . Unlike to intimidate or censor the use of the inter- any other technological development, it has net, the difficult role of intermediaries facing created an interactive form of communication, increasing pressure to control content, and which not only allows you to send information the importance of the internet to workers in in one direction, but also to send information the support of global rights in the workplace . in many directions and receive an immediate Some call for a change of perspective, as in the response . The internet vastly increases the report on cyber security, where the necessity capacity of individuals to enjoy their right to of civil society developing a security advocacy freedom of opinion and expression, including strategy for the internet is argued . Without it, access to information, which facilitates the ex- the levels of systems and controls, whether ercise of other human rights, such as the right emanating from government or military super- to education and research, the right to freedom powers, threaten to overwhelm what has over of association and assembly, and the right to de- the years become the vanguard of freedom of velopment and to protect the environment . The expression and offered new forms of free asso- internet boosts economic, social and political ciation between people across the globe . development, and contributes to the progress of humankind as a whole; but it is especially an Many of these issues are pulled sharply into fo- instrument that strengthens democracy by fa- cus at the country level in the country reports cilitating citizen participation and transparency . that follow the thematic considerations . Each of The internet is a “plaza pública” – a public place these country reports takes a particular “story” where we can all participate . or event that illustrates the role of the internet in social rights and civil resistance – whether posi- The past year has been a difficult time globally: