BioFuel Technology Handbook 2007 Dominik Rutz Rainer Janssen This handbook is WIP Renewable Energies published by: Sylvensteinstr. 2 81369 München Germany www.wip-munich.de [email protected] Copyright: © WIP Renewable Energies Autors: Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Rutz M.Sc. Dr. Rainer Janssen Version: 1. Version, February 2007 Project: Biofuel Marketplace www.biofuelmarketplace.com With the support of: Contract No. EIE/05/022/SI2.420009 Content Content 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 9 PART A: COMMON ASPECTS OF BIOFUELS..........................11 2. Potential of Biomass ...............................................................................12 3. Biofuel Policies........................................................................................16 3.1. Biofuel Policy in the EU................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Biofuel Standardization.................................................................................................... 18 3.3. International Trade of Biofuels........................................................................................ 19 3.3.1 Trade of Biodiesel and Related Products................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Trade of Bioethanol ................................................................................................................... 20 4. Biofuel Life Cycle ...................................................................................23 4.1. Energy Balance and Efficiency of Biofuels..................................................................... 25 4.2. Biofuel Emissions ............................................................................................................. 27 4.2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................................27 4.2.2 Vehicle Emission Standards....................................................................................................... 29 4.3. Other Environmental Impacts of Biofuels....................................................................... 34 4.4. Economy of Biofuels......................................................................................................... 35 4.5. Consideration of Co-Products .......................................................................................... 36 PART B: TYPES OF BIOFUELS ...............................................37 5. Bioethanol................................................................................................40 5.1. Feedstock Production ....................................................................................................... 40 5.1.1 Sugar Crops................................................................................................................................ 42 5.1.2 Starch Crops............................................................................................................................... 45 5.1.3 Cellulosic Feedstock .................................................................................................................. 47 5.2. Bioethanol Production...................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Sugar-to-Ethanol Process........................................................................................................... 52 5.2.2 Starch-to-Ethanol Process.......................................................................................................... 52 5.2.3 Cellulose-to-Ethanol Process ..................................................................................................... 53 5.2.4 Distillation and Dehydration Process......................................................................................... 54 5.3. Properties of Bioethanol................................................................................................... 55 BioFuel Technology Handbook 5 Content 5.4. Technology Applications for Bioethanol ......................................................................... 56 5.4.1 Spark Ignition Engines ...............................................................................................................56 5.4.2 Compression Ignition Engines....................................................................................................57 5.4.3 Fuel Cells....................................................................................................................................58 5.5. Standardization of Bioethanol.......................................................................................... 59 5.6. Energy Balance of Bioethanol ......................................................................................... 63 5.7. Bioethanol Emissions ....................................................................................................... 64 5.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................................................................64 5.7.2 Toxic Exhaust Emissions............................................................................................................65 5.8. Other Environmental Impacts of Bioethanol................................................................... 67 5.8.1 Water Issues................................................................................................................................67 5.8.2 Land Use and Biodiversity .........................................................................................................68 5.8.3 Human Health.............................................................................................................................69 5.9. Economy of Bioethanol .................................................................................................... 70 6. Lipid Derived Biofuels ...........................................................................72 6.1. Feedstock Production ....................................................................................................... 72 6.1.1 Oilseed Crops .............................................................................................................................73 6.1.2 Microalgae..................................................................................................................................80 6.1.3 Animal Fats ................................................................................................................................81 6.1.4 Waste Oils ..................................................................................................................................82 6.2. Fuel production.................................................................................................................83 6.2.1 Oil Extraction .............................................................................................................................83 6.2.2 Oil Refining................................................................................................................................85 6.2.3 Transesterification ......................................................................................................................86 6.3. Properties and Use of Lipid Biofuels ............................................................................... 89 6.3.1 Properties of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) .............................................................................................89 6.3.2 Properties of Biodiesel................................................................................................................90 6.4. Technology Applications for Lipid Biofuels .................................................................... 91 6.4.1 Compression Ignition Engines for Biodiesel Use.......................................................................91 6.4.2 Compression Ignition Engines for PPO Use...............................................................................92 6.5. Standardization of Lipid Biofuels..................................................................................... 92 6.5.1 Standardization of PPO ..............................................................................................................92 6.5.2 Standardization of Biodiesel.......................................................................................................93 6.6. Energy Balance of Lipid Biofuels .................................................................................... 95 6.7. Emissions of Lipid Biofuels.............................................................................................. 96 6.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................................................................96 6.7.2 Toxic Exhaust Emissions............................................................................................................97 6.8. Other Environmental Impacts of Lipid Biofuels ............................................................. 99 6.8.1 Water Issues................................................................................................................................99 6.8.2 Land Use and Biodiversity .......................................................................................................101