K21132 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK About the pagination of this eBook Due to the unique page numbering scheme of this book, the electronic pagination of the eBook does not match the pagination of the printed version. To navigate the text, please use the electronic Table of Contents that appears alongside the eBook or the Search function. For citation purposes, use the page numbers that appear in the text. Reproductive Biology of Plants Reproductive Biology of Plants Editors K.G. Ramawat Former Professor & Head Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur, India Jean-Michel Mérillon Université de Bordeaux Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin Villenave d’Ornon, France K.R. Shivanna Former Professor & Head Botany Department, University of Delhi Delhi, India p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140117 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-0133-8 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Reproduction is the biological process by which new individuals (offspring) are produced from their parents. Although plants reproduce both sexually and asexually, sexual reproduction generates recombination and enables the species to adapt to changing environment. In angiosperms, the fl ower is the unit of sexual reproduction. However, in a few species, seeds develop without fertilization; this phenomenon is termed apomixis. Reproductive biology has direct relevance in many fundamental and applied areas of plant sciences. Reproduction is the basis of survival and sustenance of populations and species in natural habitats. Habitat degradation, overexploitation and climate change have threatened the sustainability of our biodiversity. The threat of species extinction is more pronounced in tropical countries such as Brazil, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and several others in South-East Asian where population pressure on forests and other natural resources has increased enormously in recent years. A large number of species have been pushed into the threatened status (rare, endangered and threatened category, RET species) as their populations have reduced markedly. Effective management of our biodiversity is going to be a major challenge in the coming decades. Unless suitable measures are taken, many of the threatened species would soon be extinct. According to many conservation biologists, an accelerating decline in world’s biodiversity as a result of human activity is leading to the sixth major extinction event on our planet. Reproductive failure, as a result of constraints in one or several reproductive events, is the driving force for species extinction. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on their reproductive biology is required for effective management, conservation and sustainable utilization of our biodiversity. In most of our crop plants, seeds and/or fruits are the economic products, and are the results of sexual reproduction. Reproductive events are susceptible to a range of environmental stresses that affect crop yields. Studies on reproductive ecology, therefore, have direct bearing not only for optimization of crop productivity but also on crop improvement through conventional and molecular approaches. vi Reproductive Biology of Plants In recent years, reproductive biology has gained prominence in University education at different levels because of its importance in a range of fundamental and applied areas of plant Sciences. In the light of the prevailing specialization and super-specialization, it is diffi cult to get an overview of recent advances made on various aspects of reproductive biology. This book is aimed at providing an overview of reproductive biology essentially of fl owering plants, although a few chapters on lower plants are also included. The chapters are written by recognized international specialists in their respective fi eld of research. The book will be useful to students, teachers and researchers in wider disciplines of botany, molecular biology, agri-horticulture, forestry, environmental biology, conservation biology, entomology and biotechnology. We would like to acknowledge ready cooperation of our contributors who have put in their efforts to ensure a high scientifi c quality to this book with up to date information. We wish to thank our publishers for their support and timely publication. K.G. Ramawat J.M. Mérillon K.R. Shivanna Contents Preface v 1. Reproduction in Microalgae 1 Romain Gastineau, Nikolai A. Davidovich, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Ian Probert and Jean-Luc Mouget 2. Mechanism of Sexual Reproduction in Fresh Water 29 Microalgae Hiroyuki Sekimoto, Jun Abe and Yuki Tsuchikane 3. Reproduction in Bryophytes 57 Adaíses Simone Maciel-Silva and Kátia Cavalcanti Pôrto 4. The Cytological Studies of Oogenesis and Fertilization 85 of Ferns Cao Jian-Guo 5. Pollen-ovule Interactions in Gymnosperms 97 Stefan Little, Natalie Prior, Cary Pirone and Patrick von Aderkas 6. Determination of Sex Expression in Cycads 118 Marufa Sultana, Kalyan K. Mukherjee and Gaurab Gangopadhyay 7. Storage Lipids in Developing and Germinating Pollen 133 Grain of Flowering Plants Agnieszka Zienkiewicz, Krzysztof Zienkiewicz and María Isabel Rodríguez-García 8. Pollination Biology and Breeding System of European 147 Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae) Marcin Zych, Małgorzata Stpiczyńska and Katarzyna Roguz 9. Genetics and Reproductive Biology of Cultivated Potato 164 (Solanum tuberosum L.): Implications in Breeding Jane Muthoni, Hussein Shimelis and Rob Melis viii Reproductive Biology of Plants 10. Reproductive Biological Characteristics of 195 Dendrobium Species Xianyu Shen, Chenggang Liu and Kaiwen Pan 11. Biotic Pollination: How Plants Achieve Confl icting 218 Demands of Attraction and Restriction of Potential Pollinators K.R. Shivanna 12. Nectar: Plant Interface for Complex Interaction with Biotic 268 Environment Massimo Nepi 13. Hormonal Status of the Pollen-Pistil System: Role after 284 Pollination Kovaleva L.V., Zakharova E.V., Andreev I.M. and Voronkov A.S. 14. Prevalence of Self-Sterility and other Reproductive Traits in 301 Angiosperm Families with High Diversifi cation Rates Miriam M. Ferrer, Sara V. Good and Jennie Herbin 15. Polyembryony 355 Kundan Kishore Index 371 Color Plate Section 373 1 Reproduction in Microalgae Romain Gastineau,1 Nikolai A. Davidovich,2 Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff,3 Ian Probert4 and Jean-Luc Mouget1,* ABSTRACT Algae have traditionally been included in the group Cryptogamae (‘hidden reproduction’), as opposed to Phanerogamae or Spermatophyta, the Seed Plants. Cryptogamae encompassed both macro- and microalgae, lichens, mosses, and ferns, and have also been referred to as ’Thallophyta’, ’non-vascular plants’, ‘spore plants’, seedless or fl owerless plants, depending on the criteria used for classifi cation. Microalgae have long been considered among the more primitive and less important organisms representing the plant-like characters of autotrophy and immobility. Reproduction in macroalgae was only observed in the 18th century, but the ability of microalgae to reproduce sexually was not demonstrated until the 19th century in microscopic green fi lamentous algae. In this chapter, we summarise up-to-date information on sexual reproduction in three major groups of 1 LUNAM Université, FR CNRS 3473 IUML, MMS (Mer, Molécules, Santé), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le