Human Adaptation in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains by George Sabo III, Ann M. Early, Jerome C. Rose, Barbara A. Burnett, Louis Vogele, Jr., and James P. Harcourt Prepared by the Arkansas Archeological Survey Fayetteville, Arkansas 1990 Arkansas Archeological Survey Fayetteville, Arkansas 72702 First Printing, 1988; Second Printing, 1990, by the Arkansas Department of Corrections, Wrightsville Third Printing, 1998, by University of Arkansas Printing Services Forth Printing, 2003, by University of Arkansas Printing Services Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 90-80912 ii ABSTRACT This overview provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge concerning archeological resources in the Ozark Mountain—Arkansas River—Ouachita Mountain subregion of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Southwest Division. Basic information on the environment of the study area is provided, followed by a review of the history of archeological research in the region. Prehistoric culture history is then reviewed according to the conventional framework of Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi time periods. Historic Na- tive American, European, and American settlement history is also considered. The history of bioarcheological research in the region is summarized, and a suggested framework for future bioarcheological investigations is provided. Bioarcheological data pertaining to the Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods are then reviewed and several interpretations are made. The overview concludes with a synthesis of the archeological and bioarcheological data and interpretations in terms of four prehistoric and five historic period adaptation types. The basic features of each adaptation are identified, along with specification of important data gaps and signifi- cant research questions. iii iv CONTENTS CHAPTERS 1 Introduction, by George Sabo III and Ann M. Early ........................................................................ 1 2 Environmental Setting, by Louis E. Vogele, Jr. ................................................................................ 3 3 Previous Archeological Investigations, by Ann M. Early and George Sabo III ............................15 4 Prehistoric Culture History, by George Sabo III and Ann M. Early .............................................. 34 5 Historic Native Americans, by George Sabo III ........................................................................... 121 6 Historic Europeans and Americans, by George Sabo III ..............................................................135 7 Bioarcheology of the OAO Study Area, by Jerome C. Rose, James Harcourt, and Barbara A. Burnett ......................................................................................171 8 The Bioarcheological Synthesis, by Barbara A. Burnett ..............................................................193 9 Ozark-Arkansas-Ouachita Adaptation Types, by George Sabo III, Ann M. Early, Jerome C. Rose, and Barbara A. Burnett ......................................................................................221 References Cited .................................................................................................................................. 253 v vi FIGURES 1 Map of the study area ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 Physiography of the study area......................................................................................................... 3 3 Mean annual temperature values ...................................................................................................... 6 4 Number of days with maximum temperatures.................................................................................. 6 5 Mean date of last 32°F temperature ................................................................................................. 6 6 Mean length of freeze-free days ....................................................................................................... 7 7 Annual temperature variations ......................................................................................................... 7 8 Normal annual precipitation ............................................................................................................. 7 9 Variations in annual precipitation ..................................................................................................... 8 10 Typical vegetation types and distributions ....................................................................................... 9 11 Reservoir salvage projects .............................................................................................................. 20 12 Selected cultural resource management projects ........................................................................... 26 13 Paleo-Indian period sites ................................................................................................................ 36 14 Paleo-Indian artifacts ...................................................................................................................... 37 15 Dalton period sites .......................................................................................................................... 42 16 Dalton period artifacts from the Packard site.................................................................................43 17 Dalton period artifacts from the Breckenridge site ........................................................................ 45 18 Dalton period artifacts from the eastern Ozark border .................................................................. 47 19 Selected Early and Middle Archaic sites .......................................................................................48 20 Early and Middle Archaic period artifacts .....................................................................................49 21 Archaic period artifacts (Calf Creek Cave) ....................................................................................50 22 Archaic period artifacts (White River complex) ............................................................................ 52 23 Archaic artifacts (Tom’s Brook, Scott, Wann) ............................................................................... 56 24 Selected Late Archaic sites............................................................................................................. 58 25 Late Archaic period artifacts (James River complex) .................................................................... 60 26 Late Archaic period artifacts (Lawrence site) ................................................................................ 62 27 Selected Woodland period sites ..................................................................................................... 68 28 Woodland period artifacts .............................................................................................................. 69 29 Woodland period artifacts .............................................................................................................. 74 30 Mississippi period sites .................................................................................................................. 83 31 Mississippi period artifacts (Harlan phase).................................................................................... 84 32 Mississippi period artifacts (Harlan phase).................................................................................... 86 33 Mississippi period artifacts (Neosho phase) .................................................................................. 91 34 Mississippi period artifacts (Neosho phase) .................................................................................. 93 35 Mississippi period artifacts (Loftin phase)..................................................................................... 95 36 Caddoan civic-ceremonial center distribution ............................................................................... 98 37 Mississippi period artifacts .......................................................................................................... 100 38 Mississippi period artifacts .......................................................................................................... 104 39 Ritual and status artifacts from Spiro ........................................................................................... 106 40 Selected Historic Native American sites ...................................................................................... 132 41 Settlement pattern for Pioneer Agriculturalist period .................................................................. 149 42 Selected Pioneer American sites .................................................................................................. 150 43 Proposed sequence for ceramic types .......................................................................................... 156 44 Selected Civil War period sites .................................................................................................... 158 45 Selected Developed Settlement period sites ................................................................................ 167 46 The bioarcheological study area................................................................................................... 181 47 Sites of the Late