Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Control of African Striga Species by Natural Products From Native Plants. Joseph Kipronoh Rugutt Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Rugutt, Joseph Kipronoh, "Control of African Striga Species by Natural Products From Native Plants." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6371. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6371 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. 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CONTROL OF AFRICAN STRIGA SPECIES BY NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM NATIVE PLANTS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty o f the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In the Partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department o f Chemistry by Joseph Kipronoh Rugutt BS., Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, 1989 December, 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI N um ber: 9720385 UMI Microform 9720385 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Lord is good to all: and his tender mercies are over a ll his works. PSALMS 145:9 u Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In order to successfully accomplish research o f this nature, there are a number of people who make invaluable contribution, both large and small. It is with great pleasure that I faithfully thank them. This research has been accomplished under the direction of Dr. Nikolaus H. Fischer, to whom I would like to express my utmost appreciation for his endless moral as well as material support Specifically, his endless academic support guidance and encouragement has been a springboard of joy throughout the realization o f this work. Dr. Fischer and Mrs. Helga Fischer are very pleasant responsible and nice people to work with. You can always count on them in any situation. My association with the Fischers has meant more than words can describe. In short, their support o f me and my fam ily has been unfailing. I consider them second to none and rank them as W orld’s heroes. Also, I wish to sincerely acknowledge the remarkable assistance provided by Prof. Day and Mrs. Day. They constantly provided great personal encouragement and ascertained that everything kept going smoothly. Their long time friendship has been and w ill continue to be a never-ending source o f pride and sustenance. I am also grateful to my wife Janny and my daughter Elizabeth who spent many lonely nights waiting for me to complete this research. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Frank Fronczek for the determination of all the crystal structures; to Marcus Nauman for his invaluable help on the use of the NMR instrumentation; to Mr. Jeff Corkem for determination of GCTMS; Ms. Juliette Navratilova and M r. Rostem Irani for isolation of pure compounds; Messrs. Charles Cantrell and Steven Robbs for their useful suggestions on structure elucidation; Dr. Berner and his technical staff for doing all bioassays; M r. John Rugutt for statistical analyses; Dr. José Castafieda-Acosta for his help in the preparation of this manuscript; the committee members (Profs: Fischer, Cartledge, Watkins, Bhacca, Urbatsch, Moore and Berner) and the Rockefeller Foundation fo r financial support through African dissertation internship award. lU Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................... iü LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. vü LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................... ix LIST OF SCHEMES.............................................................................................. xü ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ x iü CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. PEST M AN AG EM EN T........................................................................ 2 1.2. PAR ASITIC PLANTS........................................................................... 2 1.3. B IO LO G Y OF S7R/GA ......................................................................... 3 1.4. D IS TR IB U TIO N OF 577Î/GA ................................................................ 5 1.5. TH E STRIGA PROBLEM...................................................................... 6 1.6. PRACTICES TO CONTROL STRIGA SPECIES................................... 7 1.6.1. Hand or Hoe Weeding .............................................................. 8 1.6.2. Land Preparation ...................................................................... 8 1.6.3. Rotation of Land into Fallow ....................................................9 1.6.4. Breeding for Resistance/Tolerance ........................................... 9 1.6.5. Fertilizers ................................................................................9 1.6.6. Herbicides ................................................................................ 10 1.6.7. False-host or "Trap" Crops........................................................10 1.6.8. Germination Stimulants ............................................................ 11 1.7. QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY (QSAR) .......................... 16 1.7.1. Basic Concepts of QSAR ......................................................... 17 1.7.2. Bioassays ................................................................................. 18 1.8. THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 19 n. GC/MS EVALUATION OF COMPOUNDS IN DRY AND CONDITIONED STRIGA SEEDS............................................................... 24 n .l. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................25 H2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................... 26 n.2 .1 . Seed C ollection ...................................................................... 26 n.2.2. Seed Surface Disinfestation and Conditioning ........................ 26 n.2.3. Preparation of Extracts of Striga Seeds ...................................27 n.2.4. GC/MS Analysis .................................................................... 27 n.3. RESULTS ............................................................................................ 28 n.4. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 29 n.5. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................36 m . ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM NONHOST LEGUMES ON THE GERMINATION OF STRIGA HERMONTHICA SEEDS........................... 42 m .l. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................43 m.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................... 44 m.2.1. Collection of Plant Materials ...............................................