Japanese Lesbian Speech: Sexuality, Gender Identity, and Language Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Camp, Margaret Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 02:57:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195371 JAPANESE LESBIAN SPEECH: SEXUALITY, GENDER IDENTITY, AND LANGUAGE By Margaret Camp ___________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERISTY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Margaret Camp entitled Japanese Lesbian Speech: Sexuality, Gender Identity, and Language and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________________________________ Date: 06/29/2009 Kimberly Jones ________________________________________________________ Date: 06/29/2009 Mariko Karatsu ________________________________________________________ Date: 06/29/2009 Timothy J. Vance ________________________________________________________ Date: 06/29/2009 Natasha Warner Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________________ Date: 06/29/2009 Dissertation Director: Kimberly Jones 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Margaret Camp 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It’s only because of the many professors, colleagues, friends, and especially my family that I have managed to complete this dissertation. I would above all like to thank my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Kimberly Jones, who was a source of constant encouragement and amazing feedback throughout not just the dissertation process but my entire time at the University of Arizona. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Timothy J. Vance, Natasha Warner and Mariko Karatsu, for all their insightful comments and suggestions, and willingness to deal with my high level of stress and extremely tight writing schedule. I’m a better researcher as a result of their input. In addition to those on my committee, I am grateful for all the opportunities I had to work with amazing professors both at the University of Arizona and the University of Michigan, too many to be able to list here. However, I would like to make special mention of Dr. Tsuyoshi Ono, who was a central figure in any success I might have as a linguist. Even after I was no longer one of his students, he still made himself readily available whenever I had questions about research or needed encouragement. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr. John Lawler, who introduced me to the world of linguistics when I was a mere undergraduate at the University of Michigan. Many of the things I learned in that class are still with me, some more useful than others, but all of it fun! Fieldwork for this project was supported by a Fulbright Graduate Research Fellowship. I would like to extend my appreciation to Mizuho Iwata of the Fulbright office in Japan, who went out of her way to help me on so many levels during my fieldwork. Thanks also to Keio University, which allowed me to attend seminars and use the campus libraries as a “research student,” and Drs. Norimitsu Tosu, Ryoko Suzuki, and Ippei Inoue who were all extremely helpful and supportive during my time at Keio. Thank you to all my friends and family for your moral support and much needed distractions over the years: Heather Humphreys, Mike Soo, Reed Peterson, Seiji Watanabe, Tetsuya Sato, Yuli Kim, Takako Ogawa, Itsumi Ishikawa-Peck, Amanda Einhorn, Kate Teela, Cat Botelho, James Garza, Marcus Willenksy, Paul Grenz, Chris Johnson, Mary Good, Thea Strand, my twin Du Hang, Yuri Nakamura, Brenda Fraker, and all the members of the Douglass Phonetics Lab. Thanks also to the many people who helped me during my fieldwork, both as interview subjects and newfound friends! I would also like to thank my parents for their constant support, encouragement, and yearly vacations. And the biggest thanks and a huge hug to my honorary committee member and close friend, Dr. Yuka Matsugu, who was available for moral support, distraction, fun, native judgments, and feedback whenever I needed her! Any misconceptions or errors are of course my own. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 12 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 14 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 16 1.3 Organization of Dissertation .............................................................................. 17 1.4 Data and Methodology ....................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Participants .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.2 Data Collection ........................................................................................ 20 2. JAPANESE WOMEN’S LANGUAGE ........................................................................ 23 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Historical and Modern Views of Women in Japan ............................................ 24 2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 24 2.2.2 Women and the State/Society .................................................................. 24 2.2.3 Marriage and Family in Japan ................................................................. 28 2.2.4 ‘Femininity’ in Japan ............................................................................... 32 2.3 Gender and Language ........................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Gender/Sex and Language ....................................................................... 36 2.3.3 Pronouns .................................................................................................. 39 2.3.4 Sentence-final Particles ........................................................................... 43 2.3.5 Intonation and Pitch ................................................................................. 47 2.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 49 3. (HOMO)SEXUALITY AND LANGUAGE ................................................................ 51 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 51 3.2 Sexuality in Japan .............................................................................................. 52 3.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 52 3.2.2 Japanese Lesbian Identity ........................................................................ 60 3.2.3 Stereotyping of ‘Lesbians’ in Japanese Culture ...................................... 61 3.3 Sexuality and Language ..................................................................................... 66 3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 66 3.3.2 GLB Language Research on English Speakers ....................................... 67 3.3.3 GLB Language Research on Japanese Speakers ..................................... 71 3.4