Community Outreach in Sport and Arts Organizations as a Means for Public Value Generation and Interaction Facilitation DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jerome S. Socolof Graduate Program in Art Education The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Wayne P. Lawson, Advisor Dr. Candace J. Stout Dr. Brian A. Turner Dr. Margaret J. Wyszomirski Copyright by Jerome S. Socolof 2012 Abstract This work examines the use of community outreach programs by professional sport and arts organizations located in Columbus, OH, and their utility in generating perceived public value for these organizations. The study uses a sample of four organizations, the Columbus Blue Jackets, Columbus Crew, Columbus Museum of Art, and Opera Columbus. This sampling provides equal representation for both fields and allows for the pairing of organizations for analytical purposes. Additionally, the opportunity for interactions and the sharing of knowledge between these organizations and fields is explored, retaining outreach programs as the area of focus. The study has been conducted using both document analysis (drawing on a body of documentation that includes web sites, playbills, and game programs) and interviews with the individuals charged with overseeing and administering the outreach efforts of the four included organizations. The study is structured as a multiple comparative case study, presenting the information for each organization and using that data as a platform for deriving meaningful findings and conclusions. Upon analyzing the available data for these four organizations, the conclusions that have been arrived at are that these organizations make use of a variety of methods to generate the perception of public value and that there does exist reasonable opportunity for knowledge sharing and interactions that could prove mutually beneficial. It remains unclear, however, if the organizations could actually be compelled to do so. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to my family, whose guidance, patience, and love warrant so much more thanks than I could ever put into words. iii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the tireless, insightful, and amazingly helpful work of my dissertation committee. Drs. Lawson, Stout, Turner, and Wyszomirski have helped to shape this project from its inception and have guided it (and me) to completion. One simply could not ask for a better group of people to have in their corner. To Wayne in particular, my long-suffering advisor, I give endless thanks for dealing with all of my lead until it somehow turned to gold. I would also like to acknowledge the friends and teachers who have helped me get here, standing by me during both peaks and valleys. Their contributions to be learning and to my successes cannot be overstated. iv Vita June 2003 .......................................................Ilion Jr./Sr. High School 2007................................................................B.M. Business of Music, SUNY Potsdam 2009................................................................M.A. Arts Policy and Administration, The Ohio State University 2008 to present ..............................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Art Education v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v Fields of Study .................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 Statement of Problem ...................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 9 Significance ................................................................................................................... 10 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 12 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature .................................................................................. 19 vi Theory Literature........................................................................................................... 20 Stakeholder Theory .................................................................................................... 20 Stakeholder Theory in For- and Non-Profit Environments ....................................... 22 Criticism of Stakeholder Theory ............................................................................... 26 Prime Beneficiaries .................................................................................................... 28 Regime Theory .......................................................................................................... 31 Criticism of Regime Theory ...................................................................................... 34 Additional Relevant Theories .................................................................................... 36 The Public, Public Value and CSR Literature............................................................... 38 The Public .................................................................................................................. 38 Values and The Public ............................................................................................... 40 Public Value and its “Cousins”: Comparing and Contrasting ................................... 42 Interconnections of Public Concepts ......................................................................... 45 Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions and Operationalizing .. 47 Comparing and Contrasting Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility .......... 52 Applications of the Literature ....................................................................................... 56 Prime Beneficiaries of Study Subjects ...................................................................... 56 Additional Beneficiaries of Study Subjects ............................................................... 57 Stakeholder Theory and Relationship/Social Marketing ........................................... 59 vii Stakeholder and Regime Theories in Economic Development and Image Marketing ................................................................................................................................... 62 Potential Further Studies in Sport and the Arts Utilizing Stakeholder and Regime Theory ........................................................................................................................ 64 Contributions of this Study to Theory-Based Literature ........................................... 65 Literature-Based Proposed Indicators and Measures for Evaluative Purposes ......... 66 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 3: Methodology and Methods ............................................................................. 71 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 71 Case Study Research ................................................................................................. 73 Case Study According to Yin .................................................................................... 74 Case Study According to Stake ................................................................................. 77 Potential Vexations .................................................................................................... 80 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 83 Interviews and Document Analysis............................................................................... 85 Mechanisms and Issues in Document Analysis ......................................................... 86 Analysis ....................................................................................................................