Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford KELHAM REVEALED! ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT Matthew Beresford BA (hons), MA, ACIfA MBArchaeology Between September 2017 and July 2019, MBArchaeology led a programme of landscape surveys, building surveys and test pit excavations in and around the village of Kelham, Nottinghamshire on behalf of Involve Heritage CIC, as part of the Heritage Lottery funded Kelham Revealed! project. The work incorporated magnetometer and resistivity surveys in four distinct areas of the Kelham Hall Estate, a Level One building survey of the Hall Estate and wider village, and a programme of test pit excavations centred around the hypothesised location of the Medieval village. This report discusses the results from the fieldwork undertaken as part of the wider project. © MBArchaeology / Involve Heritage CIC, 2019 1 Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford CONTENTS BACKGROUND PAGE 3 HISTORICAL INFORMATION PAGE 4 GEOPHYSICS RESULTS PAGE 9 RESISTIVITY SURVEY PAGE 9 MAGNETOMETRY SURVEY PAGE 13 LEVEL ONE BUILDING SURVEY PAGE 15 KELHAM HALL CELLAR SURVEY PAGE 39 TEST-PIT EXCAVATIONS PAGE 57 DISCUSSION PAGE 65 PLANS & SECTION DRAWINGS PAGE 70 PHOTOGRAPHS PAGE 79 APPENDICES: PAGE 88 1) Research Report: History of Kelham bridges 2) Research Report: History of Kelham Hall 3) Research Report: History of the Medieval village at Kelham and surrounding landscape 4) Annotated drawings showing image locations for Cellar Surveys 5) The Fox Inn, Main Road & 4 Blacksmith Lane, Kelham, Nottinghamshire: Archaeological Statement of Significance © MBArchaeology / Involve Heritage CIC, 2019 2 Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford BACKGROUND The Kelham Revealed! project was a two-and-a-half year Heritage Lottery funded community research project that built on work undertaken on the ‘Kelham in the Civil War’ project, which ran between 2014-2016. Launched in September 2017, the Kelham Revealed! project sought to explore the history and development of Kelham village, church and the Kelham Hall Estate, via documentary research, map work and archaeological landscape studies. Alongside engaging with local people and providing training and opportunities for them, the project had specific research questions it aimed to address. These were, notably: 1) Where was the location of the original village in the Late Saxon / Early Medieval period, and how did it develop? 2) When was the church first built and was its development linked to that of the village? 3) When was the first Hall established, and how did this develop? 4) When was the road and bridge, shown on 17th century maps, moved to its current location? The questions were explored via a variety of research methods, with volunteers receiving training and support to be able to meaningfully take part in as many aspects of the project work as they wished. The main strands of research were Historical Research, Geophysical Surveys, Building Surveys and Excavation. The results of each of these strands are documented within this report, followed by a detailed Discussion section. © MBArchaeology / Involve Heritage CIC, 2019 3 Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford HISTORICAL INFORMATION Documentary research was undertaken at a variety of archives and research centres, and involved volunteers working through historic maps, both primary and secondary material, photographic images and other archival materials. This research has been fully written up by a small research team and is included in its entirety as appendices at the end of this report. A brief summary of the research is provided here. Bridges – A road and crossing point linking Kelham to Newark was identified on a series of 17th century maps, the earliest being Civil War-era maps. Current research has suggested that this was moved during the eighteenth century. Archaeological work by the Kelham Revealed! project confirmed an original crossing point for the Kelham bridge to the south-east of the Hall where the A617 from Newark currently reaches the Trent bank (see geophysics results below). The earliest documentary evidence testifies to a crossing point on the River Trent at Kelham in the early 13th century, but whether this was a bridge or a causeway is not clear. As markets were being granted charters in Newark and towns to the north and west of Kelham. This crossing point would have been of both commercial and strategic importance. This may add weight to the crossing being a bridge, substantial enough for transporting goods and livestock across the wide and fast flowing river. The location of the bridge appears to have made use of the underlying geology to minimise flood risk and was at a point where the river power was greatly reduced. Exactly how many bridges stood in this original location is difficult to say given the likely impact of severe floods and the manipulation of the river flow by man, which frequently caused devastation. However, there is a continuous documented history of the bridge from the 13th century to the present day. Within this, one recurring theme in the documentation is the history of neglect, disrepair and avoidance of responsibility for maintenance of the bridges. Pontage rights (a toll levied for © MBArchaeology / Involve Heritage CIC, 2019 4 Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford the building or repair of bridges) were established almost as soon as the bridge came into existence, but the responsibility to spend at least part of the toll revenue on the bridge appears not to have happened. There is evidence of high tolls being charged, blackmail and toll avoidance. It seems that the bridge was always subject to disputes up to and including who should pay for the rebuilding after the English Civil War in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the location of the bridge was moved close to where the current one stands to allow the road through the Hall grounds to be re-routed out of view and the grounds enclosed. It appears that the new bridge was of very poor construction and it was eventually replaced in 1849 only for that structure to be destroyed in the winter of 1855. The current bridge has stood from 1856. Halls - The evolution of the Halls at Kelham is inextricably linked with the fortunes of the Sutton family and their holdings of land. Documentary evidence suggests the pattern of land ownership in Kelham was fragmented from Domesday records through to the early 16th century. More details are included in the ‘Medieval Village Report’ (see Appendix Three). During this period the wealth of Averham and the eventual owners of that manor, the Sutton family, grew and while Kelham most likely remained a scatter of farmsteads with a small medieval village centre, Averham had a moated Manor house with land, water mills and fish weirs. The Suttons became the predominant power in the area by the end of the 16th century, and gradually acquired land in Kelham. The first substantial house on the current hall location was probably either built or acquired by the Suttons as they first became established in the parish in the 1580s. The cellar survey revealed what could be the footings of this early building (see below). In the 17th century the major figure in the district was Robert Sutton, who made significant acquisitions of land in and around Kelham and who, by the early 1600s, had ‘became lord and owner of the whole township and territories of Kelham, and in effect of the whole island of excellent ground between the two currents of the Trent’. Robert supported Charles I in the Civil War and was made Baron Lexington of Averham for his service to the crown in 1645. He was part of the Newark garrison resisting the siege at the end of the war. After Newark fell Robert found that his Manor at Averham had been © MBArchaeology / Involve Heritage CIC, 2019 5 Kelham Revealed! Archaeology Report Matthew Beresford destroyed and his choice of the Royalist cause cost him money and, for a time, his freedom. After the restoration of the monarchy his position was re-established by Charles II and he built the first grand Hall at Kelham in around 1663. His son Robert, 2nd Lord Lexington was extremely well connected and wealthy, but was largely absent abroad. His will contains a detailed inventory of the 1663 house and contents giving us an idea of the scale of the hall and the activities that took place within and around it. Although nothing remains of this building today, the footprint of it was also established during the cellar survey. On his death, Bridget, his daughter, was tasked with remodelling the hall to plans Robert had approved, and the family continued to develop the Hall and estate on the same site in Kelham. Further, detailed documentation relating to this expansion and the subsequent ‘modernisation’ of the original structure in the early 18th century era was collected during the research phase of the project, but this period falls outside of our study period. The Halls of Kelham; a summary 1. The first ‘substantial house’ - The Sutton family (acquired or built?) - c.1600 or earlier? 2. The first grand Hall - Robert Sutton, 1st Lord Lexington - c.1663 3. The rebuild/renovation - Bridget, 3rd Duchess of Belvoir - 1723 – 1734 4. The Salvin, Jacobean Revival - John Henry Manners-Sutton - 1844 - 1846 5. The George Gilbert Scott Hall - John Henry Manners-Sutton - 1859 – 1861 All these build phases took place within the current hall footprint, being built one on top of another. Church – According to the Domesday Survey of 1086, there was no church at Kelham, although one did exist at neighbouring Averham. It is probable that the inhabitants of the scattered, Late Saxon and subsequent Norman farmsteads worshipped there. Documentary evidence suggests a church was first established at Kelham itself in the late 12th century, probably by one or more prominent landowners, which gave them the right (advowson) to appoint the priest.