Working Paper 2020/60/EFE How Leaders Get the Worst Out of People: The Threat of Hate-based Populism Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries INSEAD, [email protected] Taking Jair Bolsonaro, the President of Brazil, as case example, this article explores various manifestations of hatred, viewed from both an individual and societal perspective. Distinguishing between interpersonal and intergroup hatred, it is pointed out that hatred is like a contagious disease that has contributed to many atrocities. The article also discusses how hate-based populism uses ideologies as a bonding mechanism, describing the ways in which populist leaders use hatred to create ingroups and outgroups, uniting their constituencies through the use of the defense mechanisms of projection and splitting, and using outgroups as scapegoats. The dynamics of dehumanization are also explored. In addition, the article shows how the rise of social networking has made hatred more pernicious. It ends with suggestions about how hatred can be transcended and ways to overcome destructive feelings. Key Words: Hatred; Anger; Contempt; Envy; Splitting; Scapegoating; Projection; Interpersonal; Intergroup; Ingroup; Outgroup; Contagion; Ideology; Dehumanization; Social Networking; Populist Leader; Demagogue. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3741909 Working Paper is the author’s intellectual property. It is intended as a means to promote research to interested readers. Its content should not be copied or hosted on any server without written permission from [email protected] Find more INSEAD papers at https://www.insead.edu/faculty-research/research Copyright © 2020 INSEAD Hate, in the long run, is about as nourishing as cyanide. —Kurt Vonnegut Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. —Henry Emerson Fosdick Hate is a bottomless pit: I will pour and pour. —Euripides “No one has better leveraged hatred, fear and frustration than Bolsonaro. He has done so especially among sections of the white middle-class, who have suffered the erosion of their buying power and watched as the black community refused to return to its historical subaltern position. And especially among men challenged by women who decried sexual harassment and misogynistic jokes. Perceiving that its cultural, racial and class privileges were threatened, a slice of Brazilian society has sensed quicksand beneath its feet The price is being paid, in human lives and with Brazil being made into a global pariah, for this investment in hatred. In his election victory speech last year, Bolsonaro promised ‘liberation from socialism, inverted values … and political correctness’. His own advocacy of violence, including praise for torture and the assassination of opponents, is interpreted by his followers as ‘authenticity.’ He has spoken out against black people, indigenous people, women and the LGBTQ+community along with his adversaries, all labelled ‘communists.’ Brazilians who had hidden their prejudices deep in the internet’s sewers began displaying them in daylight and on social media like trophies. Bolsonaro, in power, had redeemed such people.” —Eliane Brum, The Guardian, 3 June 2020. 1 The many dimensions of hatred Hatred is one of the most powerful human emotions. But as long as human beings have been around, hatred has always been a source of sorrow and suffering. In spite of the misery brought on by hatred, for some people it becomes their driving force. In fact, there is no other faculty of human nature as persistent and universal as hatred. We often hate because we fear people who are different from us. Might our fear of the unknown, our ignorance of the other, push us to take refuge in hatred? William Shakespeare possibly thought so, writing in Anthony and Cleopatra: “In time we hate that which we often fear.” Perhaps when we hate someone or something it is actually because we are afraid. And are we afraid because we feel helpless? Love and hate seem to be very closely related. But if we take a hard look at both emotions, hatred is so much easier to generate than love—and much harder to get rid of. Here it’s important to recognize that hatred is not necessarily the direct opposite of love. Of course, there is a connection, but is a rather a complicated one. It is more accurate to say that the opposite of love is indifference, that is, we no longer care what happens to whoever or whatever bothers us. Whatever strong feelings we might have had towards someone, they have dissipated. Anger There is also a difference between hatred and anger. Often, people who express anger feel sorry for their angry outbursts. But that can’t be said about hatred. Angry people hope that the person they’re angry at can be influenced. They may even hope that something will change for the better within the relationship. But with hatred, there is no wish for change. People who hate, want to get rid of the object of their hatred. Put simply, we get angry at someone because of what they have done or said but we hate someone because of what they represent. 2 We can also look at anger in terms of behavior. We are angry because we consider a specific action of a certain person or group of people as immoral, unfair, or unjust. At the same time, we are telling ourselves, “If only these people would be prepared to change their behavior, I would be willing to let go of my anger.” Taking this factor into consideration, in some circumstances anger can be useful and contribute to reconciliation. But before this happens, we like the person we’re angry with to apologize, to make amends. The same thing can’t be said for hatred. With hatred, we are stuck. We have no hope for change. Not even a temporary change in behavior will diminish the intensity of someone’s hatred for someone else. Instead, we see the object of our enmity as unchangeable, irredeemable, and unimprovable. The goal of hatred is annihilation, not reconciliation. Contempt Sometimes, we are repeatedly angry with someone and if nothing changes, our anger may turn into contempt. We may decide that someone is no longer worth our anger and, in trying to regulate our anger, distance ourselves from the person who makes us angry. It makes contempt a cold version of hatred. As the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer put it, “Hatred is an affair of the heart; contempt that of the head.” Strange as it may sound, it could be argued that it is worse to be the object of contempt than the object of hatred. At least, with hatred, we are engaged, not indifferent. Hatred is a hungry beast A little hatred goes a long, long way and being full of hatred can be exhausting. Hatred is a hungry beast that demands to be fed and unfortunately, the more you feed it, the hungrier it gets. It’s never satisfied. It feeds on your heart and pollutes your mind and will squeeze all that’s human out of you. Hatred hungers for revenge and thrives on division and violence. It forces you to focus on animosity. It occupies your mind completely. Unfortunately, this beast can be so all-absorbing that it leaves no room for anything else. It leads to the emergence of demagogues, and populist leaders. No wonder that hatred is the source of much of the violence we see around us and the prime fuel for war. And 3 paradoxically, during times of war, hatred can become almost respectable, masquerading as patriotism. Acts of hatred are often the easiest way out of emotional quagmires. Compassion for others requires much more courage. Look at Bolsonaro, the subject of the devastating profile quoted at the start of this article. Does he love anybody but himself? Does he know what compassion is? He stirs up hatred and thrives on divisiveness. Although he is the leader of the country, he makes no effort to unite the people—quite the opposite. He wallows in self-righteousness. In fact, in many ways he is a pitiful figure. He doesn’t realize that building bridges is much more constructive than building walls. He doesn’t understand that hatred is an uncontrollable fire. If it burns for too long, it will consume him. But perhaps his passionate hatred gives a modicum of meaning and purpose to what would otherwise be an empty existence. His motto seems to be: I hate, so I exist. The danger of self-righteousness Isn’t it strange that human beings can hate people they don’t even know? Bolsonaro seems to make negative assumptions about people he knows nothing about. He is always ready with flippant, negative moral judgments. Without producing the slightest grain of evidence, he labels whoever is the target of his hatred as bad, dirty, dangerous, or all of the above. He brings out the worst in himself and any others who are willing to listen to his rubbish. And he is not a lone figure in our present-day world. The same could be said for other political leaders in very different countries: Donald Trump in the USA, Recip Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey, Viktor Orban in Hungary, Vladimir Putin in Russia, and Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus receive the most media attention but are sadly not the only examples. We tend to resort to hatred when we perceive another person’s behavior as unjustified and unfair (making us angry), or morally inferior (making us contemptuous). This explains why we often have a sense of high mindedness when we talk about our hatred. Is there anything that contributes more to destructive feelings than moral indignation? We can all see that hatred is often acted out under the guise of virtue.