University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2013 The oneT System Of Acatepec Me'paa Kevin Cline Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Cline, Kevin, "The oneT System Of Acatepec Me'paa" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 1410. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1410 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE TONE SYSTEM OF ACATEPEC MEꞌPAA by Kevin Cline Bachelor of Arts, Asbury College, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2013 © 2013 Kevin Cline ii This thesis, submitted by Kevin Cline in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Stephen Marlett, Chair ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Keith Snider ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. James Roberts This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. _______________________________________________ Wayne Swisher Dean of the Graduate School _______________________________________________ Date iii PERMISSION Title The Tone System of Acatepec Meꞌpaa Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. ________________________________________ Kevin Cline ________________________________________ July 16, 2013 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ xii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Conventions used in transcriptions and glosses ............................................... 5 1.1.1 Data transcription ................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Bar notation for pitch ............................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Notation used in autosegmental representations ................................... 6 1.1.4 Glosses .................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Methodology for tone analysis ......................................................................... 8 1.3 Overview of the tone system of Acatepec Meꞌpaa .......................................... 13 1.3.1 Contrastive tone heights ...................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Tone melodies ..................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Tone rules ........................................................................................... 15 1.3.4 Segmental factors that affect the realization of tone ........................... 30 1.4 Segmental Phonology of Acatepec Meꞌpaa ..................................................... 32 1.4.1 Phonemes ............................................................................................ 32 1.4.2 Nasalization ........................................................................................ 38 1.4.3 Syllable structure ................................................................................ 40 1.4.4 Prominence ......................................................................................... 52 1.4.5 The minimal word ............................................................................... 53 2 Tone in the noun system .......................................................................................... 56 2.1 Syllable profiles of nouns ............................................................................... 56 2.1.1 One-syllable nouns .............................................................................. 56 2.1.2 Two-syllable nouns.............................................................................. 58 2.1.3 Three-syllable nouns ........................................................................... 59 2.2 Nominal morphology ..................................................................................... 60 v 2.3 Tone melodies of morphologically simple nouns ........................................... 67 2.3.1 Simple nouns with two syllables ......................................................... 68 2.3.2 Simple nouns with one syllable ........................................................... 78 2.4 Morphologically complex nouns .................................................................... 80 2.4.1 Possessed nouns .................................................................................. 80 2.4.2 Compound nouns ................................................................................ 88 2.5 Comparison with other analyses .................................................................... 88 2.5.1 Black’s autosegmental analysis ............................................................ 88 2.5.2 Wichmann’s analysis for the Azoyú variety ......................................... 91 3 Verbal Morphology ................................................................................................... 95 3.1 Aspect, polarity, and mood morphology ........................................................ 95 3.2 Agreement morphology ................................................................................. 98 3.2.1 Classification of verbs by number of animate arguments .................... 99 3.2.2 Classification of verbs by agreement affixes used .............................. 100 4 Tone in the verb system ......................................................................................... 121 4.1 Tone melodies of adjectives ......................................................................... 122 4.1.1 Adjectives with inanimate arguments ............................................... 122 4.1.2 Adjectives with animate arguments ................................................... 123 4.2 Tone melodies of intransitive verbs that use Set A suffixes .......................... 126 4.2.1 In the imperfective aspect (toneless TBU before the stem) ................ 126 4.2.2 In the negative perfective aspect (high tone before the stem melody) ............................................................................................. 130 4.3 Tone melodies of intransitive verbs that use Set B suffixes .......................... 132 4.3.1 In the imperfective aspect (toneless TBU before the stem) ................ 133 4.3.2 In the negative perfective aspect (high tone before the stem melody) ............................................................................................. 136 4.4 Tone melodies of transitive verbs with inanimate objects ........................... 138 4.4.1 Third-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect ..................... 139 4.4.2 Third-person singular forms in the negative perfective aspect........... 141 4.4.3 First-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect ...................... 143 4.5 Tone melodies of intransitive verbs that use prefixes .................................. 145 4.5.1 Third-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect ..................... 145 4.5.2 Third-person singular forms in the negative perfective aspect........... 146 4.5.3 First-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect ...................... 146 vi 4.6 Tone melodies of transitive verbs with animate objects ............................... 147 4.6.1 Third-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect ..................... 147 4.6.2 First-person singular forms in the imperfective aspect .....................