/ Ê "/ - ÎÓään Man and nature Making the relationship last Ecological and Earth Sciences in UNESCO ISSN 2071-1468 MAN AND NATURE MAKING THE RELATIONSHIP LAST Collection directed by Lisa Garnier 1 The authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the viewpoints and information contained in their articles, which in no way commit UNESCO. The designations employed and the presentation of data throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publication manager: Natarajan Ishwaran Scientific Director: Robert Barbault Editor-in-Chief: Lisa Garnier Revision: Françoise Fridlansky Graphic design: Kelig Boëdec Cover photograph: © SMAEMV, © V & F Sarano Translation: Peter Winterton Also published in French as Entre l’Homme et la nature, une démarche pour des relations durables This publication as well as the French version, initiated by the MAB France Committee (www.mab-france.org), received financial support from the Direction Générale de la Coopération Internationale of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from the Direction de la Nature et des Paysages of the French Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning, from the Ecology Institute Biodiversité, Evolution, Environnement (IFR 101) of CNRS and from the Institut Français de la Biodiversité (IFB). Many thanks are also extended to Catherine Cibien (French MAB National Committee), Raphaël Mathevet (French MAB National Committee), Stéphane Durand, Véronique and François Sarano for the photographs. A special thanks to Dr. Joslin Moore (University of Melbourne, Australia) for assistance with the English translation. Proposed citation: Garnier, L. (ed.). 2008 Man and nature-making the relationship last. Biosphere Reserves – Technical Notes 3. UNESCO, Paris Published in February 2008 by the MAB Programme, UNESCO 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel.: +33 (0) 1 45 68 40 67 Fax: +33 (0) 1 45 68 58 04 E-mail: [email protected] www.unesco.org/mab Printed by UNESCO © UNESCO Printed in France 2 HIS collection was conceived several years ago – I hardly dare count them! – and I would like to welcome it to the world: long gestation, beautiful baby, born at the right time. Many participated in its growth. Could it be otherwise? T– the field is so vast and the goal so innovative, at the interface of the sciences of nature conservation and biodiversity management policies: Between Man and nature. There is no lack of textbooks covering the wrongly named “conservation biology”. “Conservation Biology” is the tidal wave of Ecological Sciences, which, since the 1980s, has been pushed on by the winds blowing around the global summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity. PREAMBLE Along with its spiritual (or strategic?) son, the concept of biodiversity, it has changed the face of ecology – the science of crisis, as so aptly put by Michael Soulé. Involved science evolves. And that is just what is shown by this book, which was not intended to critically explore ecology and its mutations at the borders of other sciences and other major scientific fields. Thanks to the mobilization and generous collaboration of many specialists, thanks to the preparatory and exploratory work and the contacts established with the multifaceted world of land managers conducted by Katia Schmitzberger and Marie Winterton at the dawn of what was to be just a project of the French MAB Committee, the present volume breaks out of the “biological shell” (and the term formerly thought adequate conservation biology) which had become too narrow for conservation sciences. The cumbersome crab has become transformed, in a handsome book, into a handsome buck: watch him run in all directions, he opens with the MAB approach – the optimistic view as Catherine Cibien and Michel Étienne say in the opening to the first part! And numerous countries are encountered; ideas at the crossroads of many domains presented by Katia Schmitzberger and Marie Winterton who introduce the second part of the book: can we make it more clearly understood that we are now in the land of interdisciplinarity? The buck runs on and on from one patch of nature to another, between urban and rural areas, coming across naturalized species, invasive species, indigenous species. And here he listens to local knowledge, to the word of social sciences – a little cramped, I fear, in these green corridors we want to spare him – and ears to the wind, he waits for new public policies. And off he shoots again our friendly bounding buck, in all the territories of biodiversity – the symbol of dynamic conservation covered in the third part of the book introduced by Frederic Bioret and Raphael Mathevet. It was appropriate to finish on a note of optimism: an opening made by Michel Trommetter at the threshold of the last part, “Innovation at the service of biodiversity management”. Handsome buck, precious book: the MAB approach opens wide the way to optimism, between Man and Nature. A pledge for lasting relationships! Pr. Robert Barbault Director of the department Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité of the Paris Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle President of the MAB France Committee 3 The MAB approach: The benefits of interdisciplinarity, the optimistic view at the crossroads of many Catherine Cibien & Michel Étienne . 12 domains The MAB approach in practice Katia Schmitzberger & Marie Winterton . 43 Michel Etienne, Catherine Cibien & Éric de Garine . 14 Interdisciplinarity as seen by a natural heritage manager, ZOOM I: When reed-beds benefit from An INTERVIEW of Johan Chevalier . 45 exchanges between Science and Society Brigitte Poulin & Raphaël Mathevet . 16 The interdisciplinary approach to biodiversity management Which biodiversity ? Nicole Mathieu . 46 Specificities hard to define ZOOM II: The story of an owl Lisa Garnier . .1 . 18 and an orchard2 Jean-Claude Génot . 48 Habitats at a European Scale Doug Evans . 19 Biodiversity as the way in A recipe based on ecosystems Fragments of nature: elements of Lisa Garnier . 20 a heterogeneous landscape The importance of interactions fashioned by man John Thompson . 50 Isabelle Dajoz . 22 From populations to metapopulations Nature and its resources Lisa Garnier & Katia Schmitzberger . 51 Lisa Garnier . 24 From metapopulations to metacommunities Nicolas Mouquet . 52 A different system of values Naturalised species and biological invasions The main currents in environmental ethics Éric Tabacchi & Anne-Marie Planty-Tabacchi . 54 Catherine Larrère . 26 Corridors: the need for thought Scientific models for the protection Stéphanie Carrière & Philippe Méral . 58 of nature Catherine Larrère . 28 Corridors in Europe Marie Bonnin . 60 An original legal framework Nature conservation over the years Society and what caused it Marie Bonnin . 32 Local knowledge: limits and opportunities The particular case of biosphere reserves Yldiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas & Éric de Garine . 61 Mireille Jardin . 36 On the access to and the use of biodiversity Law’s first steps in Nature Protection Raphaël Mathevet . 65 Agnès Michelot . 39 Public policies and biodiversity: towards another “silent revolution”? Robert Lifran . 68 4 Dynamic conservation where Managing biodiversity biodiversity occurs through innovation Frédéric Bioret & Raphaël Mathevet . 74 Michel Trommetter . 112 Taking global changes into account The value of biodiversity is priceless, Serge Morand . 77 An INTERVIEW of Jacques Weber . 116 ZOOM III: Six biosphere reserves ZOOM IV: A quality label for a naturally to build together Harold Levrel . 78 grown product: example of the European king scallop in Normandy References to define Éric Foucher . 118 When the past recounts process dynamics Frédéric Médail & Frédéric Magnin . 80 Using market mechanisms to serve Naturalness:3 respecting spontaneous nature biodiversity4 Annick Schnitzler & Jean-Claude Génot . 82 The market serving conservation The emerging concept of ordinary nature Sarah Hernandez . 120 Romain Julliard . 82 Biodiversity and business OF CONTENT TABLE Joël Houdet & Nadia Loury . 124 The city: a new reference City flora Nathalie Machon & Audrey Muratet . 84 Geographical indications, The city, a common denominator a contribution to maintaining Anne-Caroline Prévot-Julliard & Véronique Servais . 86 biodiversity? Philippe Marchenay & Laurence Bérard . 128 DEBATE: Active management or letting things happen? MAB: an educational vocation Jean-Claude Mounolou & Françoise Fridlansky . 134 Towards non-interventionism Annick Schnitzler & Jean-Claude Génot . 88 Ecological engineering and the sustainable redesign imperative Tomorrow’s forests Annick Schnitzler . 89 Clives Jones, Isabelle Dajoz & Luc Abbadie . 138 Management at the service of nature Frédéric Bioret . 91 Marshes and canals: man-made nature Raphael Mathevet . 92 Societies that become involved and committed The participative approach Jean-Eudes Beuret . 93 Companion Modelling: understanding the consequences of one’s actions Michel Étienne . 98 Evaluation: a dynamic approach Monitoring biodiversity Romain Julliard . 101 Using indicators to assess interactions Harold Levrel . 105 Defining objectives: at the heart of evaluation Johan Chevalier . 108 5 ■ Yildiz AUMEERUDDY-THOMAS anthropology of local agriculture and food ■ Catherine CIBIEN is the scientific is a member of the Centre d’Ecologie products, including