The Orient in Spain Numen Book Series Studies in the History of Religions Series Editors Steven Engler (Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada) Richard King (University of Kent, UK) Kocku von Stuckrad (University of Groningen, The Netherlands) Gerard Wiegers (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) VOLUME 142 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nus The Orient in Spain Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism by Mercedes García-Arenal and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano Translated by Consuelo López-Morillas LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Originally published as: Un Oriente Español Los moriscos y el Sacromonte en Tiempos de Contrarreforma. Published in 2010 by Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia, S.A. Madrid. Translated from the Spanish by Consuelo López-Morillas. Cover illustration: Aḥmad b. Qāsim al-Ḥajarī reproduces a Seal of Solomon. From al-Ḥajarī, Aḥmad b. Qāsim, Kitāb nāṣir al-dīn ʿalā l-qawm al-kāfirīn (The Supporter of Religion Against the Infidel), study, critical edition, and English translation by P. S. van Koningsveld, Q. al-Samarrai, and G. A. Wiegers (Madrid, 1997), 259. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data García-Arenal, Mercedes. [Oriente español. English] The Orient in Spain : converted Muslims, the forged lead books of Granada, and the rise of orientalism / by Mercedes Garcia-Arenal and Fernando Rodriguez Mediano ; translated by Consuelo Lopez-Morillas. pages cm. — (Numen book series. Studies in the history of religions, ISSN 0169-8834 ; volume 142) Translation of: Un oriente español. Madrid : Marcial Pons Historia, 2010; corrected and expanded, with new research and a new bibliography. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24450-4 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25029-1 (e-book) 1. Moriscos—Spain—Granada—History—16th century. 2. Granada (Spain)—History—16th century. 3. Granada (Spain)—Church history—16th century. 4. Abadía del Sacromonte (Granada, Spain)—History. 5. Forgery—Spain—Granada—History—16th century. 6. Orientalism—Spain— History—16th century. 7. Arabic language—Spain—History—16th century. 8. Islam—Spain— History—16th century. 9. Spain—Intellectual life—16th century. 10. Spain—Historiography. I. Rodríguez Mediano, Fernando. II. Title. DP104.G3713 2013 946’.04—dc23 2013000781 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-8834 ISBN 978-90-04-24450-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25029-1 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Abbreviations ................................................................................................... ix Note to the English Translation ................................................................. xi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1 The Sacromonte Lead Books: The Events ........................................ 13 The Turpiana Tower Parchment ......................................................... 13 Archbishop Don Pedro de Castro ....................................................... 21 The Lead Books ........................................................................................ 22 The Reception of the Finds .................................................................. 25 The Evaluation Process .......................................................................... 27 Polemics and Resistance ....................................................................... 28 The Lead Books Leave Granada .......................................................... 30 The Lead Books in Rome ...................................................................... 31 The Defensorios ........................................................................................ 32 2 Granada Conquered: Castilianization and Conversion ............... 35 Granada Conquered ................................................................................ 35 Language and Evangelization .............................................................. 42 The Eradication of Arabic ..................................................................... 47 The Defense of Arabic and its Persistence in Granada ............... 51 Reformers and Alumbrados .................................................................. 56 Granada and its Moriscos around 1580 ............................................. 62 3 The Noble Families ................................................................................. 65 Old Christians of Moorish Origin ....................................................... 66 Conversion ................................................................................................. 69 Integration ................................................................................................. 74 Muley Fez and Granada Venegas ....................................................... 76 The Happy Former Days of Our Glory .............................................. 80 The Origen de la Casa de Granada ..................................................... 86 The Granada Venegas Literary Tertulia ............................................ 88 4 Alonso del Castillo: Translator, Author? .......................................... 95 Alonso del Castillo and other Translators of the Parchment .... 97 The Chapiz Family .................................................................................. 98 Physician .................................................................................................... 103 vi contents Translator ................................................................................................... 107 The War ...................................................................................................... 111 The Prophecies ......................................................................................... 115 5 Alonso del Castillo’s Friends: Priests, Soldiers, Interpreters ...... 121 Priests .......................................................................................................... 121 Diego Marín ............................................................................................... 123 Francisco López Tamarid ...................................................................... 124 Diego Marín in Morocco ....................................................................... 130 Diego Marín’s Diplomatic Career ....................................................... 133 6 Diego Bejarano Al-Ḥajarī and the Morisco Understanding of the Lead Books .................................................................................... 139 Diego Bejarano or Aḥmad B. Qāsim Al-Ḥajarī ............................... 139 Al-Ḥajarī and the Parchment and Lead Books ............................... 144 How the Moriscos Read the Lead Books .......................................... 148 7 Miguel de Luna: Historian, Novelist, Physician .............................. 155 The Historia Verdadera Del Rey Don Rodrigo .................................. 157 Physician: The Tratado De Los Baños (Treatise on Baths) .......... 165 8 Miguel de Luna: Translator, Apologist, Author .............................. 171 The Parchment ......................................................................................... 171 Miguel de Luna, Pedro Guerra de Lorca, and Benito Arias Montano ................................................................................................ 172 The Lead Books Translated .................................................................. 174 The Solomonic Letters ........................................................................... 176 Friendship with Joan de Faría ............................................................. 183 Miguel de Luna and the Moriscos of Toledo: “There is No Better Moor in Spain” .............................................. 187 9 Jerónimo Román de la Higuera: The False Chronicles and the Sacromonte Lead Books ........................................................ 195 Annius of Viterbo and Spain ................................................................ 197 Jerónimo Román de la Higuera and the False Chronicles .......... 201 Saint James ................................................................................................ 202 Toledo and the Cult of San Tirso ........................................................ 205 Román de la Higuera and Alonso del Castillo ............................... 206 Román de la Higuera and Pedro de Castro ..................................... 207 Román