Climate Change Law in Zimbabwe: Concepts and Insights Climate Change Law in Zimbabwe: Concepts and Insights edited by Tumai Murombo, Mutuso Dhliwayo and Tafadzwa Dhlakama Published by The Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 26 Sandringham Drive, Alexandra Park, Harare © The Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2019 Maps and graphs in Chapter 2 by Street Savvy, Harare Typeset by Weaver Press Cover: Danes Design, Harare Printed by: Bidvest, Cape Town Contributions to this book were peer reviewed prior to publication. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise – without the express written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-77929-529-3 (p/b) ISBN: 978-1-77929-651-1 (e-Pub) Contents List of Contributors vii List of Acronyms ix Preface – David Mbae, Director, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Zimbabwe xiii Foreword – Jan Glazewski, Emeritus Professor Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town xv 01 Zimbabwe – Climate Change, Law and Policy Tumai Murombo 1 02 Zimbabwe’s Climate: Past, Present and Future Trends Collen Mutasa 11 03 Governing Climate Change: General Principles and the Paris Agreement –Washington Zhakata 48 04 The Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Sector – Byron Zamasiya and Kefasi Nyikahadzoi 61 05 The Justiciability of Climate Change in Zimbabwe Tafadzwa Dhlakama and Admark Moyo 75 06 Human Rights in the Age of Climate Change Admark Moyo 100 07 Climate Change, the Mining Industry and the Law in Zimbabwe –Darlington Chidarara 139 08 Climate Change and Labour Law in Zimbabwe: A Critical Perspective – Lenin Tinashe Chisaira 165 09 Climate Change and Property Rights Allocation in Zimbabwe’s Energy Sector – James Tsabora 180 10 Climate Change in Zimbabwe: Towards a Low Carbon Energy Industry – Tumai Murombo 205 11 Climate Change Financing: Reflections from a Zimbabwe Context – Veronica Nonhlanhla Gundu-Jakarasi 243 12 Climate Change and Insurance in Zimbabwe Chantelle Gloria Moyo 270 13 Concluding Remarks– Mutuso Dhliwayo 292 vi List of Contributors Editors Tumai Murombo LLB (UZ) LLM (Cape Town) LLM (Pace, USA) PhD (Wits) Professor of Law Wits University Mutuso Dhliwayo LLB (UZ) LLM (MSU) Masters in Environment & Development (UKZN) Director Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) Tafadzwa Oswald Dhlakama LLB LLM (UKZN) Climate and Environmental Policy Project Coordinator, Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung Authors Darlington Chidarara LLB LLM (UKZN), Certificate in Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (Olso) Civic Participation and Accountability Projects Coordinator, ActionAid Zimbabwe Lenin Tinashe Chisaira LLB (UZ) LLM (Cork, Ireland) LLM (London) Founder and Director of the Advocates4Earth Tafadzwa Oswald Dhlakama LLB LLM (UKZN) Climate and Environmental Policy Project Coordinator, Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung Mutuso Dhliwayo LLB (UZ) LLM (MSU) Masters in Environment & Development (UKZN) Director Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) vi vii Veronica Nonhlanhla Gundu Jakarasi MA in Environmental Policy and Planning BSc in Applied Environmental Science (UZ); Lead Negotiator (Mitigation) – African Group of Negotiators (AGN); Manager – Climate Finance and Sustainability, Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) Admark Moyo LLB (Fort Hare) LLM PhD (Cape Town) Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria Chantelle Gloria Moyo LLB LLM (UKZN), Certificate in Ecosystem Services (Geneva) Researcher and Academic, Great Zimbabwe University (Herbert Chitepo Law School) Tumai Murombo LLB (UZ) LLM (Cape Town) LLM (Pace, USA) PhD (Wits) Professor of Law Wits University Collen Mutasa BSc Mathematics and Physics (UZ), MSc Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (Twente), Diploma Meteorology (Australia), Certificate Seasonal Climate Prediction (NCEP). Meteorology and Climate Science Lecturer, University of Zimbabwe Kefasi Nyikahadzoi Bsc Hons. Economics MPhil Social Science, PhD Applied Social Sciences (UZ) Senior Lecturer, University of Zimbabwe James Tsabora LLB (UZ) LLM (UKZN) PhD LAW (RHODES) Lecturer of Law, University of Zimbabwe Byron Zamasiya BSC Hons MSC. Economics (UZ) Programme Officer, Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) Washington Zhakata MSc Engineering (Meteorology) (OIHM, Odessa) Africa Group lead climate change negotiator, Emission Factors Editorial Board of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Director Zimbabwe Climate Change Management Department viii ix Acronyms A AE Accredited Agency AfDB Africa Development Bank AGCM Atmospheric Global Climate Model AOGCM Atmosphere Ocean coupled AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States B BURs Biennial Update Reports C CADDP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CBDR-RC Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle and Respective Capabilities CBM Coal Bed Methane CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCCM Canadian Climate Centre Model CCMD Climate Change Management Department CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network CDM Clean Development Mechanisms CER Certified Emission Reduction CFF Climate Finance Facility CH4 Methane CIFs Climate Investment Funds CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties CPI Climate Initiative Policy CSA Climate Smart Agriculture Manual CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSOs Civil Society Organisations D DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa DFI Development Finance Institution DRR Disaster Risk Reduction E ECHAM5OM Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorologie viii ix EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Agency ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation F FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FONERWA Rwanda Environment and Climate Change Fund G GCC Global Climate Coalition GCF Green Climate Fund GCMs Global Climate Models GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GFDL3 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Model GHG Green House Gases GOZ Government of Zimbabwe H H2O Water Vapour HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons I ICMM International Council on Mining and Metals ICT Information and Communications Technology IDBZ Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labour Organisation INDCs Intended Nationally Determine Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPs Independent Power Producers IRCs Independent Research Centres ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone ITUC International Trade Union Confederation J JI Joint Implementation K KfW German Development Bank L LDCs Least Developed Countries LEDRIZ Labour and Economic Development Research Institute LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry M MIRO3.2 hires National Institute for Environmental Studies MMA Mines and Minerals Act x xi MMAB Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MPGs Paris Agreement Rule Book Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines MPGs Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MW Mega Watt N N2O Nitrous Oxide NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NCE New Climate Economy NCP National Climate Policy NDA National Designated Authority’s NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NEMA National Environmental Management Act NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NHRIs National Human Rights Institutions NIEs National Implementing Entities NOCZIM National Oil Company of Zimbabwe NPS National Project Status NR Natural Regions NREP National Renewable Energy Policy O O3 Ozone OGCMs Ocean Global Climate Model OGIDP Oil and Gas Industry Development Policy OND October-November-December P PFCs Perfluorocarbons PoAs Programme of Activities ppb Parts Per Billion ppm Parts Per Million PPPs Public-Private-Partnerships R RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways REDD+ Reducing Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation REF Rural Electrification Fund RPOs Renewable Purchase Obligations x xi S SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SF6 sulphur hexafluoride SI Statutory Instrument SRES Special Report on Emission Scenarios SSTs Sea Surface Temperatures SWIO South West Indian Ocean T TSP Transitional Stabilization Programme U UKMO-HadCM3 UK Meteorological Office UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGPs United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UPR Universal Periodic Review W WHO World Health Organisation WIM Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage WMO World Meteorological Organization Z ZAIP Zimbabwe Agriculture Investment Plan ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Union ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority ZETDC Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company ZEVs Zero Emission Vehicles ZHRC Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission ZPC Zimbabwe Power Company xii xiii Preface Climate change is threatening the livelihoods of an increasing number of people globally. Legal instruments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seek to address the global climate