These proceedings have been published by the Knowledge Exchange Programme of Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga (The National Institute of Research Excellence for Māori Development and Advancement) www.maramatanga.co.nz Contact details: Waipapa Marae Complex The University of Auckland 16 Wynyard Street Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand [email protected] Printed in November 2007 by PRINTSTOP+, Auckland, New Zealand Cover design by Len Hetet (Ocean 64 Ltd) ISBN 0-9582610-5-9 © Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga holds copyright for these proceedings. However, individual authors are free to republish with attribution to Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga. This publication cannot be reproduced and sold for profit by others. Proceedings of the Indigenous Knowledges Conference Reconciling Academic Priorities with Indigenous Realities Held: 22-25 June 2005 Wellington, New Zealand Organisers: He Pārekereke Institute for Research and Development for Māori and Pacific Education Victoria University of Wellington www.vuw.ac.nz/indigenousknowledges Convenor: Dr Joanna Kidman Editors: Dr Joanna Kidman, Dr Joseph Te Rito & Dr Wally Penetito Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga is one of seven Centres of Research Excellence that were funded by the New Zealand Government in 2002. It was established as The National Institute of Research Excellence for Māori Development and Advancement and is hosted by the University of Auckland. Its participating entities are spread throughout New Zealand. The Institute offers three distinct but intersecting programmes: Research, Capability Building and Knowledge Exchange. Whakataukī (Proverb) Ko te pae tawhiti arumia kia tata Seek to bring the distant horizon nearer Ko te pae tata whakamaua Grasp it firmly once near Kia puta i te wheiao ki to ao mārama And so emerge from darkness into enlightenment Joint Directors Professor Michael Walker and Professor Linda Tuhiwai Smith Conference Sponsors Primary sponsor: Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga Other sponsors and supporters: Te Puni Kōkiri; Manatū Hauora (Ministry of Health); Manatū Pūtaiao (Ministry of Research, Science & Technology); NIWA (Taihoro Nukurangi); Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd; Agresearch; HistoryWorks; Te Takoto o Te Ao; Te Wānanga o Aotearoa; The Māori Party Acknowledgements The people of Ngāti Whare Editorial assistants: Jan Sinclair, Bruce Duffin, Phoebe Fletcher, Cherie Lacey, Zaine Mitchell, Maureen Nuku and Pareputiputi Nuku Māori language editor: Materoa Haenga Hawaiian language editor: Kahealani Lono Mihi ‘Ahakoa iti, he pounamu’ Tika tonu kia kākahungia ngā kōrero kua tāia nei ki tēnei kī whakatau, i te mea ko tāua tonu hoki ko te tangata te pounamu e kōrerongia nei, ā, ko taua pounamu rā ko tāua! Nā te takitahi tonu hoki o te iwi taketake huri noa i te ao, kua mate tātau ki te pakanga i ngā mahi tātāmi reo, tātāmi tikanga a te mano tini. Otirā, ahakoa tokoiti; ‘He kākano i ruia mai i Rangiātea.’ Kāti, koinei rā te mōteatea-a-ngākau ki a rātau kua whakangaro atu nei ki ngā kūrae o maumahara. Moe mai rā koutou, e hika mā e! Ka huri ake ki a tātau te kanohi ora e pae nei, tēnā tātau katoa. E hoa mā, kei te mihi rā ki te taumata kōrero, ki ngā maunga whakahī, ngā marae kāinga o ngā kairangahau, ki ngā wai tapu, wai pūtahi o te motu, ā, ki te ringa o manaaki anō hoki i whakatairanga, i kaha tautoko nei i ēnei tū mahi whakahirahira. Hai kupu whakakapi, ka hoki tonu atu ki tērā kōrero e kī pēnei nei: ‘Mā mua a muri, mā muri a mua!’ ‘Though small, it is precious like greenstone’ We believe ‘ahakoa iti, he pounamu’ is a fitting conference proverb, as pounamu defines us as a people. Throughout the world, indigenous peoples are small in number and often have to rise against superior numbers in order to safeguard language, customs and traditions. Although we are small in number, our indigeneity is precious. We weep for those who are no longer with us in a physical sense but who remain in our hearts and memories forever. Sleep in peace dear ones. To us who remain, greetings one and all. We hereby acknowledge our keynote speakers; the contributors of articles who joined us for the conference; their ancestral mountains and villages; the sacred rivers of the land; and of course, our sponsors who supported and promoted the conference. Finally, let us end with the adage; ‘Success is achieved by the efforts of not only those out front but also of those behind the scenes’. Table of Contents Foreword Dr Joanna Kidman and Dr Wally Penetito i Introductory notes Dr Joseph Te Rito iii Struggles for tomorrow: postgraduate studies in indigenous knowledge systems Veronica Arbon, Berice Anning and Mai Katona 1 Understanding Pacific student leadership: an exploration from community to the university Cherie Chu 9 Guests and hosts: transforming academic paradigms in conversation with Māori diaspora communities Graham Harvey 17 A Māori ethical framework: the bridge between tikanga Māori and ethical review Maui Hudson and Annabel Ahuriri-Driscoll 23 Cross-cultural literacy: knowledge and ignorance in post-colonial classrooms Kuni Jenkins and Alison Jones 29 Welcoming Kahu and Gordon to the law: the place of the pōwhiri in jurisprudential research Carwyn Jones 37 Ngā wāhi tapu o Ngāti Hāmua: sacred sites of Ngāti Hāmua - paramount hapū of Rangitāne o Wairarapa Jason Kerehi and Dane Rīmene 43 Dual naming: recognising landscape identities within the constraints of government and research guidelines Laura Kostanski and Ian Clark 57 Toward the hospitality of the academy Dr Rauna Kuokkanen 69 Technology transfer and indigenous peoples: the diffusion of advanced biotechnologies and Māori horticulture Simon Lambert 77 ‘A lot is riding on sun, surf, and souvenirs’ – Tourist longing and conservation: landscaping agendas of the state Sydney Iaukea 83 Hawaiian place names: mnemonic symbols in Hawaiian performance cartography Renee Pualani Louis 93 Linking Māori-Celt indigenous perspectives with a new kind of social science holistic methodology: Wholesome Life Ecology (WLE) James Rapatini and Lesley Bradley-Vine 103 Literacy for the cultural continuity and dynamism of indigenous communities Āneta Hinemihi Rāwiri 113 Marine space and Makah identity Joshua Reid 125 Exploring indigenous knowledge Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal 133 Landscape: perceptions of Kāi Tahu i mua, āianei, ā muri ake K. Russell 149 Comparing knowledge traditions: working with multiplicity, sustaining criticism and avoiding ‘epistemic charity’ David Turnbull 169 You say you’ve listened, but have you heard? Lessons learnt by pakeke and rangatahi researchers about research on rangatahi hauora Justina Webster, Wheturangi Walsh-Tapiata, Te Rina Warren, Dylan Kiriona along with Rangatahi Researchers 179 Indigenous strategies for human sustainability Janice Whitney Annunziata 189 Partnerships in tobacco control—working with eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in far North Queensland Dallas Young 199 Ethical and moral issues in the transformation of traditional knowledge through indigenous artistic practice Greg Young-Ing 203 Foreword By Dr Joanna Kidman and Dr Wally Penetito He Pārekereke Victoria University of Wellington Most indigenous researchers are familiar with the complicated juggling acts involved when applying the skills of academic scholarship to the way we think about tribal communities. If we are not keen of eye and deft on our feet, one set of perspectives can upstage the importance of the other. On the other hand, if we try to keep the two worlds forever apart, we risk losing a sense of place in both these domains. Indigenous scholars are often rather isolated within universities and institutions and it is important that we find ways of keeping in touch with our colleagues and the strategies they have devised for working alongside indigenous communities on matters of mutual concern. It is also important that we contribute to the dialogues and debates that take place within our communities and ensure, whenever we can, that tribal voices are heard inside the universities, as well as within our own disciplines. The purpose of the Indigenous Knowledges conference was to bring together people from a wide range of disciplinary fields who are engaged in developing research-based responses to the ‘real world’ struggles of Māori and other indigenous peoples. Our aim was to highlight the ways in which scholarly and cultural perspectives can dovetail to create positive outcomes. Throughout the four-day event, which was held at Victoria University of Wellington, the presenters discussed research projects which directly validated indigenous research methodologies. In most cases, the speakers were involved in collaborative projects with iwi (tribal) or hapū (sub-tribal) communities, and these perspectives added depth and insight into the ways in which Māori and other indigenous scholars can actively contribute to the well-being of such tribal communities. Alongside academic researchers, several Māori communities and iwi were heavily involved in the organisation and delivery of the conference. Indeed, we are especially grateful to Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou for allowing us to host a group of kaumātua (elders) from the East Coast during the conference; to the children and whānau (families) of Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngā Mokopuna; to the rangatahi (youth) of Takapuwāhia Marae and also of Ngāi Tahu; and, to the peoples of Ngāti Whare and Te Arawa for their willingness to host international indigenous delegates in their communities before the conference began. This latter aspect of the conference,