DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 374 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD, STAMFORD, SALISBURY, WILLIMANTIC AND SAYBROOI AREAS, CONNECTICUT BY HERBERT E. GREGORY AND ARTHUR J. ELUS Prepared IB cooperation with the CoBBectleat State Geological and Natural Hbtorjr Surer WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1016 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Water-Supply Paper 374 GROUND WATER IN THE HARTFORD, STAMFORD, SALISBURY, WILLIMANTIC AND SAYBROOK AREAS, COHECTICUT HERBERT E. GREGORY AND Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Surrey WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1916 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.. ........................................................... 9 The problem. ........................................................ 9 History of the investigation. ........................................... 10 Acknowledgments. ................................................... 11 Areas selected for study. .................................................. 11 Reliability of data. ....................................................... la Occurrence of ground water. .............................................. 14 Origin.. .............................................................. 14 Water in the glacial drift. ............................................. 15 Circulation.... .................................................... 15 The water table. ................................................. 17 Quantity of water. ............................................... 18 Water in crystalline rocks and traps.... ................................. 20 Circulation.... .................................................... 20 Quantity of water. ............................................... 21 Water in limestones and Triassic sediments. ............................ 22 Circulation.... .................................................... 22 Quantity of water. ............................................... 24 Ground water for municipal use. ........................................... 25 Problems involved. .................................................. 25 Quantity required. ................................................... 26 Quality of water. ..................................................... 27 Methods of obtaining water.... ........................................ 27 Principal sources.. ................................................ 27 Streams.... ....................................................... 28 Springs.. ......................................................... 28 Wells drilled into rock. ........................................... 29 Dug wells. ....................................................... 30 Infiltration galleries. ............................................. 30 Driven wells.. ................................................... 31 General conditions. ........................................... 31 Plant at Brookline, Mass. ..................................... 31 Plant at Brooklyn, N. Y.. ..................................... 34 Plant at Plainfield, N. J. ...................................... 34 Private springs and wells. .................................................. 36 Methods of developing ground-water supplies... ............................. 38 Drilled wells ......................................................... 38 Construction. .................................................... 38 Cost.. ... r ........................................................ 39 Quality of water. ................................................. 39 Improvements. .................................................. 39 Driven wells.. ........................................................ 40 Infiltration galleries. ................................................. 42 Dug wells. ........................................................... 43 3 4 CONTENTS. Page. Descriptions of towns...................................................... 46 Hartford............................................................. 46 Population and industries.......................................... 46 Topography....................................................... 47 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 47 Surface-water supplies............................................. 49 Ground-water supplies............................................ 49 Municipal water supply........................................... 51 Quality of ground water............................................ 51 West Hartford........................................................ 52 Population and industries.......................................... 52 Topography....................................................... 53 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 53 Surface-water supplies............................................. 54 Ground-water supplies.............................................. 54 Suggested developments............................................ 56 Records of wells and springs........................................ 57 Quality of ground water............................................ 58 Newington............................................................ 59 Population and industries.......................................... 59 Topography....................................................... 59 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 60 Ground-water supplies.............................................. 60 Public water supply.............................................. 61 Records of wells and springs........................................ 62 Quality of ground water............................................ 63 Wethersfield.......................................................... 64 Population and industries.......................................... 64 Topography....................................................... 64 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 65 Ground-water supplies.:.......................................... 65 Public water supply................................................ 66 Records of wells and springs................................. ^...... 66 Quality of ground water............................................ 67 East Hartford.......................................................... 68 Population and industries.......................................... 68 Topography....................................................... 68 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 69 Surface-water supplies............................................. 70 Ground-water supplies.............................................. 70 Public water supply................................................ 71 Records of wells................................................... 71 Quality of ground water............................................ 72 Manchester............................................................. 72 Population and industries.......................................... 72 Topography....................................................... 73 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 73 Surface-water supplies................-...-;........-..--.......... | 74 Ground-water supplies.............................................. j 74 Public water supplies............................................... 75 Records of wells and springs........................................ 75 Quality of ground water............................................ 77 CONTENTS. 5 Descriptions of towns Continued. Page. South Windsor......................................................... 78 Population and industries.......................................... 78 Topography....................................................... 78 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 79 Ground-water supplies.............................................. 80 Records of wells and springs........................................ 81 East Windsor......................................................... 82 Population and industries........................................ ,1 82 Topography....................................................... 83 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 83 Ground-water supplies.............................................. 84 Public water supply................................................ 85 Records of wells................................................... 85 Quality of ground water............................................ 86 Windsor.............................................................. 87 Population and industries.......................................... 87 Topography....................................................... 87 Water-bearing formations......................................... 88 Ground-water supplies............................................. 88 Records of wells and springs........................................ 89 Quality of ground water............................................ 90 Bloomfield................................................... ....... 90 Population and industries.......................................... 90 Topography....................................................... 91 Water-bearing formations.......................................... 91 Ground-water supplies.............................................