P E R M AN ENT FO RTI FICATION P R E P AR E D F O R T H E USE O F T H E C ADE T S O F T H E UN IT E D ST AT E S M ILIT AR % AC ADE M % T P N T W E S O I , N . % . STAVE F E BE E R GU . I G J , r f r f r i ri P o esso o C ivil and M ilita y E ng nee ng. WE ST P O IN T P R E SS or U s m urmur A cunnn r C O N T E N T S . P A G E C HA PT E R I . LAND DEFEN SES A N D THEIR DEV ELO P M E N T . — — m —I d a . n B a e o t s. t e e s C lasses of lan d defen se . rri r f r In r nch c p —E e t of m eans of att a k— o de a t ner line of defense . ff c c M rn r il T R C H A P E II . P R O FI LE A N D TR ACE . — —R m — r fi . P . P N o menclat fi re of t he p o le arade a part arapet . — — — t . ar . o r D t . C et e Se C u te s a . C o e d T erre plein . i ch un p n c rp v re — — — — T . B ast o t a e . P o o na a G a s . ac e t e . way . l ci r i n r c lyg l r c — — t o A dva ed w o s . e wo s O ut works . nc rk In ri r rk A P T E R C H III . A N A C N ST R UC T E D B T N 1 -1 L ND DEFE SE S C E W EE 870 880. — l . nter o E x D T ype of wo rks . T race I i r ine ample etached — — — nne lineI R é su é . B a e o t s fo rt s . I r m rri r f r C A P T E R H IV . A D D N IN 1 L N EFE SES S CE 880. — — — . F t F o t F o t w t ee o W t out ee . o t A rm ored f r r i h k p r i h k p r ins. — un . e d fo r 21 o r 1 . a e H T urret f t wo 6 c m c lib r g S Shi l c . m . ow t . T an o t a rr A o d n s s e t t . it z er . rm re fro r p r bl u e s Mo rt ar — — d W o s fo r nea and d st a t de e se . B a e shiel rk r i n f n rri r F ort s . — R a wa s A ccesso ry defense . il y A P E R C H T V . P R INCIP LES O F LAND D EFEN SE ILLUST R ATED B % T HE FO R TIFICATIO NS F R A O N T HE G R M A R TI R O F NCE E N F O N E . — — — — A B a . m u d T o o a f se s . o Scheme o defen r ie n ry p gr phy . L ines — 1 d o e a n — o f t a o t . o t a an e t F r nsp r P li ic c mm rci l c res. rench — — o fi a n t h G e a o t e . B o a L f rti c ti o ns o e rm n fr n i r und ry . ines of — l — t d —P F o tie e . e e at e e . a defense . r n r in In rm i lin ris P T E R C HA VI . SE A - O A T D A N D AV A ATTA C S EFENSE N L CK . — — — B t . A r d N aval vessels. at leships m ore cruisers C o ast defense — — vesse s . U a o ed ves e s . et ods of at t l n rm r s l M h ac k . C O T T N E N S . P A G E C H A P T E R VII . M T O F O A T D ELE EN S C S EFE N SE . — . in l G unS o t a s T o edoes . u m a nl e a )o M r r rp S b rine S . H r r de f s — b t r i I — s O s uc t O I S . T do oat s en e ves el s . orpe b 54 A P E R C H T VIII . T U R R T A E M A T A N D B A R R TT ATT R I . E S , C S ES , E E B E ES — — — — a m . B a D a a T urret s . C se at es Shields arbett e b t teries is ppe r A P T R C H E IX . A R R AN M N T O F O A T D K G E E C S EFE N S E W O R S . — — — c N f n . L f C aliber O f gunS . umber O gu S ine O f defense E ffe t o — - fi r — R n n r a . fi s elev t i on High angle e a ge and po sit i on de . — — I ) f n a ain t nd t o s . F o nt . s st ire c rol e e se g l a parties . O b ruc i n E xam e a and O f n f am t on pl , hydrogr phy line defe se O H p R o ads , Va L I S T O F P L A T E S . P L A T E — nd 4. 1 P fi f e t o . 2 a o . F a w I igures . ro le O perm n n rk , 3 P lyg B va m t . on al t race . 5. astio n t race . 6 . Mo ble e placemen s A me t O f t a t t i . 7 . rrange n r di o r ba ter es T t t fi a II . ype of b as ion system O f for i c ti on . T f O f III . ype O p o lygon al syst em defense . D t d f E . IV . e ache fo rt or int renched camp ( nglish type) . D e f V efen s s o St rasburg. F m on . o t w B ri l VI r it h k eep ( a t ). F r VII ort wit h out keep ( B ialm ont ). T r . a f B ri m nt VIII i ngul ar trace used in defenses O Meuse ( al o ). o r o IX . G rus n turret fo t w 15 cm . guns . S d f r 1 it z . u t t . X hiel o 2 cm . h ow er G r son disappearing urre — ’ F i 1 . F t XI . gures irs li ne Schum an s system O f fort ificat ion . ’ ’ 2. d m a e o n e s t . T d S c lin Schu n sys em 3 . hir line Schum an s ’ 4 . fi f P o e O te . system . r l Schum an s sys m f 1 G so s e o r . t XII . ru n hi ld 2 cm m ortar. G ruso n ransportable. t u r r et . e - e a d XIII . S mi p rm nent infant ry re out for intrenched camp E ( nglish type ). - h XIV . Siege gun b attery ( E nglis type). F a d d n n t XV rench l n efe ses o he G erman front ier . X I B V . at tleship O regon . F — . 1 . A 2 s . t XVII igure rm o red cruiser N ew %o rk . C oas defense v essel Mont erey . — . F u es 1 . B o a t e . 2 . C t for ud XVIII ig r u y n min ircui j gment mine . 3 . C t for a d A ra fo ircui regul te mine . 4 . r ngement r a grand f group O mines . — . F es 1 and 2 . G uso a ate an 4 XIX igur r n c sem . 3 d . Section and plan for an emplacement for a b arbette gun on a disap pearing carriage . ’ ’ . C o ast de e ses a t on r m XX f n , H mp R oadS , Vi gm . CHAPTER I . A N D DE F E N S S A N D T E R DE E L L E H I V O PME N T .