TAXON: Protea eximia (Knight) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fourc. Taxon: Protea eximia (Knight) Fourc. Family: Proteaceae Common Name(s): broad leaf sugarbush Synonym(s): Erodendrum eximium Knight duchess protea Protea latifolia R. Br. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 26 Apr 2017 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Woody Shrub, Unarmed, Dense Stands, Serotinous, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 n subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 26 Apr 2017 (Protea eximia (Knight) Page 1 of 13 Fourc.) TAXON: Protea eximia (Knight) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fourc. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 26 Apr 2017 (Protea eximia (Knight) Page 2 of 13 Fourc.) TAXON: Protea eximia (Knight) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fourc. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication. Cultivars have been produced] "Protea eximia is good cut flower, with long-lasting flower heads and long stems, and is cultivated for the export market. There is a degree Notten, A. 2009. Protea eximia. PlantZAfrica. SANBI. of variation within the species with different forms of it around. A https://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/proteaeximia.ht very striking form that has been named is P. eximia ͚Fiery Duchess' m. [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] with blue-grey foliage and very deep reddish pink floral bracts. P. eximia is also the parent in a number of hybrids e.g. P. eximia x susannae ͚Sylvia', P. eximia x susannae ͚Cardinal' and P. compacta x eximia ͚Pink Duke'." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Native: 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Africa Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern Africa: South Africa - Cape Province" [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] Creation Date: 26 Apr 2017 (Protea eximia (Knight) Page 3 of 13 Fourc.) TAXON: Protea eximia (Knight) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fourc. Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Within its distribution range, rainfall varies from 380 mm to 1 000 mm per year. P. eximia occurs in dense stands on sandstone slopes, Notten, A. 2009. Protea eximia. PlantZAfrica. SANBI. ϮϬϬʹϭϲϬϬm above sea level. It is found growing in many different https://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/proteaeximia.ht habitats, from dense well-watered fynbos at low altitudes, to sparse, m. [Accessed 2 May 2017] arid fynbos on the high mountains where light frost and snowfalls occur during the winter months." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 n subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Native: 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Africa Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern Africa: South Africa - Cape Province" [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] "Protea eximia is widespread throughout the mountains of the southern Cape, from the Keeromsberg near Worcester, along the Notten, A. 2009. Protea eximia. PlantZAfrica. SANBI. Langeberg, Outeniqua and Tzitzikamma Mountains to Van https://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/proteaeximia.ht Stadensberg near Port Elizabeth. It is also found on the m. [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] Waboomsberg, Klein Swartberg, Rooiberg, Groot Swartberg, Kamanassie and Kouga Mountains and Strydomsberg." Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Does the species have a history of repeated 205 ? introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. 2017. Duchess Protea, Ray-flowered Protea, Broad-leaved Protea - Protea eximia. "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Vista, http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/91580/. [Accessed California" 25 Apr 2017] [Sold in Australia] "Attractive, shrub 8'x8', with grey-green leaves Australian Native Plants Nursery. 2017. Protea eximia. and deep pink red-purple flowers in winter and spring. Grows best in http://www.australianplants.com/plants.aspx?id=1415. full sun and well-drained soils, tolerates some alkalinity. Tolerates [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] frost and extended dry periods once established. Excellent hedge or screen and cut flower. Good container plant" Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Cultivated Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Imada, C.T., Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai͚i. Locations: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedp Maui Agricultural Research Center (Kula Experimental Farm) lants/. [Accessed 25 Apr 2017] 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Creation Date: 26 Apr 2017 (Protea eximia (Knight) Page 4 of 13 Fourc.) TAXON: Protea eximia (Knight) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fourc. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2017. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed ] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd A number of other Protea species are listed as naturalized and/or Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall weeds, but unable to corroborate with references cited. 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Protea eximia is a large, upright shrub, Ϯʹϱm tall with a single main trunk and a rather lanky, sparsely branched growth habit.