THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION (CPHEEO), MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT (MOUD) THE STUDY FOR FORMULATION AND REVISION OF MANUALS ON SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PHASE-1 IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA FINAL REPORT MARCH 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) TOKYO ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. IN ASSOCIATION WITH NIHON HELS INDUSTRY CORPORATION PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted the Study for Formulation and Revision of Manuals on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment (Phase 1) in the Republic of India, and organized a study team headed by Mr. Akira TAKECHI of Tokyo Engineering Consultants Co, Ltd. from August 2010 to March 2011. The study team held a series of discussions with the Expert Committees which comprise central and state government officials as well as academic experts in India, and conducted several field surveys. As a result of further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will become a basis for the forthcoming works to formulate manuals in the sewerage sector, which is envisaged in the Phase 2 of the Study. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned for their close cooperation extended to the study team. March 2011 Shinichi YAMANAKA Chief Representative, India Office Japan International Cooperation Agency FINAL REPORT Preface Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background of the Study.......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................ 1-2 1.3 Outline of the Study ................................................................................................. 1-2 1.3.1 Basic Policy of the Study ................................................................................. 1-2 1.3.2 Organization Structure ..................................................................................... 1-4 1.3.3 Expert Committee ............................................................................................ 1-4 1.3.4 Study Schedule................................................................................................. 1-7 1.3.5 Staffing and Assignment Schedule................................................................... 1-7 1.4 Report Structure ....................................................................................................... 1-9 CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT IN INDIA.........................2-1 2.1 General..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Wastewater Generation, Collection and Treatment .......................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Sewage Treatment Technology ........................................................................ 2-3 2.1.3 Status of Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage System............................. 2-6 2.1.4 Sewerage Development Policy......................................................................... 2-8 2.1.5 Environmental Policy....................................................................................... 2-9 2.1.6 On Site Sanitation .......................................................................................... 2-13 2.2 Outline of Existing Manuals .................................................................................. 2-14 2.2.1 Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment in India (Second Edition)........................................................................................................... 2-14 2.2.2 Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (Third Edition) in India.................. 2-14 2.2.3 Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply System in India................................................................................................................ 2-15 2.2.4 Manuals in Other Countries ........................................................................... 2-15 2.3 General Issues to be Addressed.............................................................................. 2-19 2.3.1 Planning and Design of Sewerage System..................................................... 2-19 2.3.2 Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage System.......................................... 2-20 2.3.3 Onsite Management........................................................................................ 2-20 i CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF PRESENT STATUS....................................................................................3-1 3.1 Site Survey............................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Objectives of Site Survey................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Contents and Schedule ..................................................................................... 3-2 3.2 Results of Study ....................................................................................................... 3-5 3.2.1 Site Survey (of Sewage Treatment Plant)......................................................... 3-5 3.2.2 Questionnaire Survey ....................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.3 Responses of Consulting Firms to General Questionnaires ........................... 3-10 3.2.4 Questionnaire Survey for O&M of Sewage Treatment Plant......................... 3-14 3.2.5 Survey for Selection of Sewage Treatment Plant for Pilot Study................... 3-16 3.2.6 Survey of Pumping Station, Sewer and Others .............................................. 3-18 3.3 Problems Existing in Management of Sewerage System....................................... 3-20 3.3.1 Planning and Design....................................................................................... 3-20 3.3.2 Operation and Maintenance ........................................................................... 3-23 3.3.3 Onsite Management........................................................................................ 3-23 3.3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 3-24 CHAPTER 4 NEW TECHNOLOGY..........................................................................................................4-1 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Management............................................................................................................. 4-3 4.2.1 Management Information System .................................................................... 4-3 4.2.2 Asset Management and Preventive Maintenance............................................. 4-7 4.3 Facilities................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.3.1 Pumps............................................................................................................... 4-8 4.3.2 Sewage Treatment Facilities............................................................................. 4-8 4.3.3 Advanced Treatment Facilities....................................................................... 4-11 4.3.4 Disinfection .................................................................................................... 4-12 4.3.5 Water Reuse Facilities.................................................................................... 4-12 4.3.6 Sludge Treatment Facilities............................................................................ 4-13 4.3.7 Sludge Reuse Facilities .................................................................................. 4-13 4.3.8 Electrical Facilities......................................................................................... 4-14 4.3.9 Sewer Construction ........................................................................................ 4-15 4.3.10 Sewer Rehabilitation ...................................................................................... 4-15 4.3.11 Corrosion Control Measures for Structures in Sewerage Facilities ............... 4-16 4.4 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................... 4-16 4.4.1 Pipe, Pumping station, and STPs ................................................................... 4-16 4.4.2 Water quality analysis .................................................................................... 4-17 CHAPTER 5 MANUAL PREPARATION PLAN ......................................................................................5-1 5.1 Proposed Composition of Manuals.......................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Composition of Manuals .................................................................................. 5-1 5.1.2 Contents of Manuals......................................................................................... 5-2 5.2 Proposed Scope of Work of Phase 2 Study ............................................................ 5-28 ii 5.2.1 Objectives of Phase 2 Study..........................................................................