TAXON: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Kosterm. Taxon: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. Family: Lauraceae Common Name(s): American cinnamon Synonym(s): Laurus quixos Lam. canela americana ishpingo Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 1 Jun 2017 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Unarmed, Aromatic, Slow-Growing, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 1 Jun 2017 (Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Page 1 of 14 Kosterm. ) TAXON: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Kosterm. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 1 Jun 2017 (Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Page 2 of 14 Kosterm. ) TAXON: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Kosterm. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "A medium-sized to large tree native to lowland rainforests in rarepalmseeds.com. 2017. Ocotea quixos. Ecuador and into Colombia and Peru. Its bark is pink inside and emits http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/OcoQui.shtml. a strong cinnamon smell as do the dark, glossy, evergreen leaves and [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] the flower calices. Ocotea quixos has been used as a spice at least since Incan times. In cultivation it is best suited to tropical climates." Bruni, R., Medici, A., Andreotti, E., Fantin, C., Muzzoli, M., [Cultivated for long periods, but evidence of domestication lacking] Dehesa, M., Romagnoli, C. & Sacchetti, G. (2004). "Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) is a medium sized tree Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo native to Amazonian Ecuador and neighbouring countries (Jørgensen essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea & Leon-Yanez, 1999), which is reputed to have known aromatic quixos (Lam.) Kosterm.(Lauraceae) flower calices. Food properties since the period of the Incas (Naranjo, 1969), but is not Chemistry, 85(3), 415-421 well known outside Ecuador." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Native: 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern America Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Western South America: Ecuador - Napo, - Pichincha, - Sucumbíos" [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] Creation Date: 1 Jun 2017 (Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Page 3 of 14 Kosterm. ) TAXON: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Kosterm. Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Tropicos.org. 2017. Tropicos [Online Database]. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 1 Collected from 0 - 900 m elevation, in Ecuador and Peru Jun 2017] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Native: 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern America Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Western South America: Ecuador - Napo, - Pichincha, - Sucumbíos" [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Cultivated: 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern America Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Western South America: Ecuador" [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] Bruni, R., Medici, A., Andreotti, E., Fantin, C., Muzzoli, M., "Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) is a medium sized tree Dehesa, M., Romagnoli, C. & Sacchetti, G. (2004). native to Amazonian Ecuador and neighbouring countries (Jørgensen Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo & Leon-Yanez, 1999), which is reputed to have known aromatic essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea properties since the period of the Incas (Naranjo, 1969), but is not quixos (Lam.) Kosterm.(Lauraceae) flower calices. Food well known outside Ecuador." Chemistry, 85(3), 415-421 "Rare in the US. This species has been difficult to establish. Young Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. 2017. Spice & Beverage plants seem to drop leaves a couple of times per year. New growth Plants. sometimes starts and then dies back. Becomes more robust when http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/spice.html. about 4 or 5 years old. Once they are about 3 ft. to 4 ft. tall growth [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] becomes more vigorous." 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2017. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] Creation Date: 1 Jun 2017 (Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Page 4 of 14 Kosterm. ) TAXON: Ocotea quixos (Lam.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Kosterm. Qsn # Question Answer 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall 305 Congeneric weed Source(s) Notes [Listed as a weed. Unable to determine impacts] "Ocotea patens Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd (Sw.) Nees Lauraceae Accepted name: Nectandra patens (Sw.) Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Griseb. Total N° of Refs: 2 Habit: Tree Origin: C Am References: Global-W-1376, Global-I- 1404." 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes rarepalmseeds.com. 2017. Ocotea quixos. [No evidence] "A medium-sized to large tree native to lowland http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/OcoQui.shtml. rainforests in Ecuador and into Colombia and Peru." [Accessed 1 Jun 2017] 402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes [Possibly. Oil demonstrates allelopathic properties] "Table 4 Post- Rolli, E., Marieschi, M., Maietti, S., Sacchetti, G., & Bruni, emergence effects of essential oils applied at 1 ml/l on S.