University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2016 Development of Cellular High Throughput Assays to Determine the Electrophysiological Profile of GABA(A) Receptor Modulators for Neurology and Immunology Nina Yina Yuan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Cell Biology Commons, Chemistry Commons, and the Pharmacology Commons Recommended Citation Yuan, Nina Yina, "Development of Cellular High Throughput Assays to Determine the Electrophysiological Profile of GABA(A) Receptor Modulators for Neurology and Immunology" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1326. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1326 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR HIGH THROUGHPUT ASSAYS TO DETERMINE THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF GABAA RECEPTOR MODULATORS FOR NEUROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY by Nina Y. Yuan A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee August 2016 ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR HIGH THROUGHPUT ASSAYS TO DETERMINE THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF GABAA RECEPTOR MODULATORS FOR NEUROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY by Nina Y. Yuan The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2016 Under the Supervision of Professor Alexander E. Arnold Gamma (γ) -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the mammalian central nervous system. Its effect stems from its ability to cause the opening of ion channels which causes an influx of negatively charged chloride ions or an efflux of positively charged potassium ions. This hyperpolarization of the neuron lowers the threshold for neuronal firing. This has an overall inhibitory effect on neurotransmission, decreasing the excitability of the neuron and diminishing the likelihood of a successful action potential occurring. There are two classes of GABA receptor: ligand-gated GABAA receptor (GABAAR) and metabotropic GABAB receptor (GABABR). The GABAAR is a pentameric receptor containing two binding sites for GABA and once bound, the channel opens to allow the influx of chloride ions. However, GABAAR not only contains GABA binding sites but also binding sites that modulate the actions of GABA. This includes the benzodiazepine-binding site which occurs at the α and γ2 interface. GABAARs draws a great deal of attention as pharmaceutical targets for treating anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and cognitive deficiencies, among others. Benzodiazepines (BZD) are regularly used as sedatives and anxiolytics. Although there are many alternatives to treating anxiety, none have matched either the efficacy nor the rapid onset of BZDs. However, ii these drugs have come to be associated with undesirable symptoms, most notably development of tolerance, addiction, as well as withdrawal symptoms. Over the past decade, there has been an emerging understanding of the specific subunit composition which mediates the diverse spectrum of BZD pharmacological effects which has generated great interest in developing α-subtype selective drugs. There are at least nineteen different individual GABAAR subunits that assemble the 5-subunit structure into different combinations to form the native receptor (α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, and minor subunits). Of these potential combinations, the receptors containing two of the α1-6, two of any β subunits, and one of the γ2 subunit are the most prevalent in the brain. Receptors containing α1/2/3/5 are known as BZD sensitive receptors while α4/6 are BZD insensitive. Studies have shown that the subtype containing the α1 is responsible for sedation, anti-convulsant effects, ataxia, amnesia, and addiction while subtypes responsible for anxiolysis are primarily α2, α3, and perhaps α5 based on one report. Electrophysiological techniques are critical in determining the enhancement of chloride conductance and calculating potency and efficacy of the drugs but data collection is limited by slow throughput. Herein the development of higher throughput cellular assays to determine BZD subtype selectivity is described. First, an assay was created and optimized using transiently transfected cells on automated patch clamp. However, this assay suffered from variable reproducibility. Next, receptor subtypes were recombinantly expressed in stable cell lines using a single plasmid and antibiotic. These cells can be reliably used to determine subtype specificity of compounds. The overall potency and efficacy of the drugs were also tested on commercially available human neuronal induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) which would more accurately iii reflect the mixture of receptor subtypes natively expressed on human neurons. Next a fluorescence assay, which utilizes an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein that quenches in the presence of selective anions, was optimized and tested in order to determine if the assay was suitable to perform structure activity relationship studies. Finally, the GABAAR was found to be present in leukocytes so multiple cell sources were tested to determine their subunit composition and electrophysiological behavior. iv © Copyright by Nina Y. Yuan, 2016 All Rights Reserved v To my parents, my husband, and anyone who reads this, thank you vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ xxvii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xxviii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... xxxii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 History of GABAA Receptor .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 History of Benzodiazepines .......................................................................................... 12 1.3 History of Subtype Selectivity ...................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 GABAAR and Disease ................................................................................................ 26 1.3.1.1 Anxiety ................................................................................................................ 27 1.3.1.2 Insomnia ................................................................................................................. 28 1.3.1.3 Epilepsy .................................................................................................................. 29 1.3.1.4 Schizophrenia ...................................................................................................... 30 1.3.1.5 Cognitive Deficiencies ........................................................................................ 31 1.3.1.6 Role of Genetics and Selective Targeting ........................................................... 32 Chapter 2: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSIENTLY TRANSFECTED HEK293T CELLS ........................................................................................ 38 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Instrumentation ................................................................................................................. 43 2.3 Assay Format ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.4 Assay Optimization ........................................................................................................... 48 2.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 48 2.4.2 Experimental ................................................................................................................. 48 2.4.3 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 51 vii 2.4.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 3: GENERATION OF GABAA STABLE RECOMBINANT CELL LINES ......... 82 3.1 α1β3γ2 GABAAR Recombinant Cell Line ....................................................................... 82 3.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 82 3.1.2 Molecular Cloning ........................................................................................................ 84 3.1.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 84 3.1.2.2 Experimental .........................................................................................................