Chapter 13/14 – Review Chapter 13/14 – Evolution: Evidence of Change Charles Darwin Evolution Galapagos Islands Fitness The Origin of The Species Common descent Adaptation The relationship between adaptation and fitness. Geologic evolution o Catastrophism o Gradulaism o Uniformitariansim o Conclusions from the theories of geologic evolution The fossil record o Fossils o Sedimentary rock o Paleontologist o How fossils form o Strata o Relative dating o Fossil record o Problems with the fossils record o Interpreting the fossil record The geologic time scale o Eras, Periods and Epochs Evidence of evolution o Embryological homologies o Anatomical homologies . Homologous structures . Vestigial organs o Molecular homologies Evolution is both a fact and theory. Lamarck o First theory of evolution o A desire to change o Use and disuse o Passing on acquired traits Ideas which shaped Darwin’s theory on evolution o Geologic theories o Artificial selection o Population controls 1 Natural selection Survival of the fittest Peppered moths- evidence of evolution Genetics and evolution o Sources of genetic variation . Law of independent assortment . Crossing over . Random fertilization . Genetic mutations o Phenotypic variation o Species, population, gene pool, alleles, relative frequency o Evolution as a result of genetic change. Relative frequency o Fitness and adaptation Development of a species o Niche o What happens if two species occupy the same niche? o Speciation o Reproductive isolation o Reproductive barriers . Habitat isolation . Behavioral isolation . Gametic isolation . Temporal isolation . Mechanical isolation o Adaptive radiation o Speciation by adaptive radiation. Patterns of evolution o Divergent evolution o Convergent evolution . Analogous structures Genetic drift o The founder effect o The bottleneck effect Macroevolution o Gradualism o Punctuated equilibrium 2 Vocabulary: Evolution, Charles Darwin, fitness, The Origin of The Species, common descent, adaptation, catastrophism, gradualism, uniformitarianism, fossils, sedimentary rock, paleontologist, strata, relative dating, fossil record, geologic time scale, eras, periods, epochs, homology, embryo, homologous structures, anatomical homologies, vestigial organs, molecular homologies, descent from a common ancestor, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, gradualism (geographic), uniformitarianism, artificial selection, Thomas Malthus, fitness, adaptation, evolution by natural selection, survival of the fittest, law of independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization, genetic mutations, phenotypic variation, species, population, gene pool, alleles, relative frequency, fitness, adaptation, niche, speciation, reproductive isolation, habitat (geographic) isolation, behavioral isolation, gametic isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, adaptive radiation, divergent evolution, convergent evolution, analogous structures, genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck effect, macroevolution, punctuated equilibrium, gradualism (macroevolution) 3 .