KADUNA STATE, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA: EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW HALIDU ABUBAKAR PAUL BENNELL DECEMBER 2007 FINAL DRAFT CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. viii GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT ................................................ xvi 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 DATA LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................. 1 1.4 KADUNA STATE: AN OVERVIEW...................................................................... 2 1.5 EDUCATION POLICY ............................................................................................. 2 1.6 KEY CHALLENGES ................................................................................................ 4 2. FUNDING AND EXPENDITURE ................................................................................. 5 2.1 THE BUDGETING PROCESS ................................................................................. 5 2.2 PUBLIC FUNDING .................................................................................................. 6 2.3 INCOME GENERATION ......................................................................................... 9 2.4 EXPENDITURE ...................................................................................................... 10 3. SCHOOL ENROLMENT AND ACCESS ................................................................... 13 3.1 ENROLMENT AND TRANSITION RATES......................................................... 13 3.2 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT .......................................................................... 15 3.3 PRIVATE SECTOR PROVISION .......................................................................... 15 3.4 ACCESS INEQUITIES ........................................................................................... 16 4. RESOURCE UTILISATION ........................................................................................ 19 4.1 TEACHING AND SUPPORT STAFF .................................................................... 19 4.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND LEARNING RESOURCES ....................................... 23 4.3 EDUCATIONAL OUTPUTS .................................................................................. 26 4.4 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PER STUDENT ........................................................... 27 5. HIGHER EDUCATION ................................................................................................ 28 5.1 HIGHER EDUCATION PROVISION .................................................................... 28 5.2 ENROLMENTS AND ACCESS ............................................................................. 29 5.3 FUNDING................................................................................................................ 31 5.4 EXPENDITURE ...................................................................................................... 32 5.5 RESOURCE UTILISATION................................................................................... 33 6. ENROLMENT AND EXPENDITURE PROJECTIONS .......................................... 36 6.1 ENROLMENT GROWTH ...................................................................................... 36 6.2 FUNDING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................ 39 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 47 7.1 SYSTEM PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 47 7.2 PUBLIC AND PUBLIC FUNDING ....................................................................... 47 7.3 IMPROVED RESOURCE UTILISATION ............................................................. 48 7.4 IMPROVING THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT .............................................. 50 i 7.5 IMPROVING ACCESS ........................................................................................... 50 7.6 HIGHER EDUCATION .......................................................................................... 50 ANNEX TABLES................................................................................................................... 52 ANNEX TABLES SERIES A2 ........................................................................................... 52 ANNEX TABLES SERIES A3 ........................................................................................... 52 ANNEX TABLES SERIES A4 ........................................................................................... 54 ANNEX TABLES SERIES A6 ........................................................................................... 60 ii Figures Figure 3.1 Age-specific enrolment rates for females and males aged 5-25, Kaduna State, 2006 Figure 4.1 Scatter plot of enrolments and teachers at primary schools in Kaduna State, 2005 Tables Table 2.1 KSG approved recurrent and capital budgets and actual expenditures, 2002-2005 (N rounded millions) Table 2.2 Income sources for Kaduna State Government 2001-2005 (N rounded millions) Table 2.3 Total actual state expenditure on education and total state expenditure, 2001-2005 (N rounded millions) Table 2.4 State education recurrent and capital expenditure as a percentage of total state recurrent and capital expenditure, 2001-2005 Table 2.5 Share of LGA federal allocation spent on primary school staff salaries by LGA, 2005-2006 Table 2.6 Revenue generated by schools and other educational institutions 2000/01-2004/05 Table 2.7 Internally generated income from secondary and HEIs as a percentage of total expenditure, 2001-2005, Kaduna State Table 2.8 Breakdown of public expenditure by sub-sector 2000/01-2005/05 Table 2.9 Total (actual) expenditure on primary education in Kaduna State, 2001-2005 (N rounded millions) Table 2.10 Total public expenditure on secondary education, 2000/01-2004/05 (N rounded millions) Table 2.11 Mean household cost of primary & secondary schooling, Kaduna State, 2005 (Naira) Table 2.12 Mean household expenditure per student on education by expenditure quintile and location (Naira/annum) Table 3.1 Enrolments and GERs by level of schooling, gender, and ownership, 2004/05 Table 3.2 EMIS (2004/05) and CWIQ (2005/06) net and gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary education, 2005/06 Table 3.3 Educational attainment of 15-19 and 20-24 year olds by gender, Kaduna State, 2006 Table 3.4 Composition of enrolments by school ownership for age groups 6-11 and 12-17, 2005, Kaduna State (percentages) Table 3.5 Never enrolled rates for the 15-19 age group by gender and household consumption quintile (percentages) Table 3.6 Gross enrolment ratios by parental status, 2006 (percentages) Table 3.7 Gross and net enrolment ratios for primary schooling by gender and location iii Table 3.8 Ever-attended net and gross enrolment ratios for junior secondary schooling by gender and location, 2005 (rounded percentages) Table 3.9 Never attended school among 15-19 year olds by gender, location and household consumption quintiles (rounded percentages) Table 4.1 Teacher qualification profile by level of education and gender, 2005 (percentage breakdown) Table 4.2 Internal efficiency indicators for primary and secondary schooling, Kaduna State, 2004/05 Table 4.3 Average school size (enrolments) by LGEA and school ownership, 2005 Table 5.1 Percentage breakdown of type of students undertaking post-secondary education and training, 2006 Table 5.2 Enrolment at polytechnic/professional and university for age group 20-29 by household consumption quintile, 2006 Table 5.3 Internally generated revenue as percentage of total income, 2000/01-2004/05 (N million) Table 5.4 Recurrent expenditure at higher education and training institutions, 2000/01-2004/05 (N rounded millions) Table 5.5 Overhead expenditure as a percentage of total recurrent expenditure Table 5.6 Capital expenditure at the HEIs, 2000/01-2004/05 (N million) Table 5.7 Academic and support staff employed at higher education institutions, 2000/01-20004/05 Table 5.8 Student-teacher ratios at HEIs, 2005-2006 Table 5.9 Recurrent expenditure per student at HEIs, 2004/2005 (Naira rounded) Table 6.1 Projected enrolments for primary and secondary schooling 2005/06 – 2015/16, Kaduna State (‘000 rounded) Table 6.2 Unit costings for Essential Learning Package for primary school students Table 6.3 Target efficiency ratios, 2005/06, 2010/11 and 2015/16, Kaduna State Table 6.4 Projected recurrent expenditure on primary and secondary schooling based on current public recurrent unit expenditures, 2005/06-2015/16 (N billion) Table 6.5 Total recurrent expenditure for primary and secondary schooling, 2005/06-2015/16 (N billion) Table 6.6 Expenditure projections for construction and classroom furniture, libraries and science equipment to accommodate additional enrolments, 2006/07-2015/16, Kaduna State (N billion) iv Annex Tables Table A2.1 Mean primary school