INls"NTOPLD A-EANREOR. THE MAY 1990 ELECTIONS IN ROMANIA NATIONAL REPUBLICAN NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE FOR INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AFFAIRS INTERNATIONAL DELEGATION TO THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL ELEC'TIONS May 20, 1990 JOSEPH LIEBERMAN ROY HATrERSLEY, MP Delegation Co-Leader Delegation Co-Leader Senator, US. Senate Deputy Leader, Labour Party United States Shadow Home Secrezary United Kingdom HARRISON SCHMrIT Delegation Co-Leader Former U.S. Senator Apollo Astronaut United States MARK AU.IOND JAN BARAN Lecturer of Modern History, General Counsel, Republican Oriel College, Oxford National Committee United Kingdom United States CHRISTO DIMITROV BRUCE BENSON ANDREYER NRIIA Board Member Member, Union of Democratic Chairman, Colorado Republican Forces Party Bulgaria United States TERRY AULICH KEN BODE Senator, Australian Senate Director, Center for Contemporary Australia Media, Depauw University United States DVORA AVINEPI Director, Department of LYN BOYER International Conventions, Social Staff Member, Foreign Relations Security Institute Committee, U.S. Senate Israel United States ANN BRADLEY JESSICA DOUGLAS-HOME NRIIA Consultant Conservative Council on Eastern United States Europe United Kingdom MARSHALL BREGER NRIIA Board Member JOHN FLORESCU Chair, Administrative Conference Chief Executive Officer, David United States Paradine Television United States GEORGE BRUNO Member, Democratic National RICHARD A. GALEN Committee President, GeoPolitical, Inc. IJnited States United States SEAN CARROLL PETER GANDALOVIC NDI Program Officer Member, Civic Forum United States Czechslovakia THOMAS CAROTHERS LARRY GARBER NDI Advisor NDI Senior Consultant for United States Elections United States JOHN CISKY Professor of Criminal Justice, JUAN CARLOS GARCIA Saginaw Valley State University National Party United States Honduras KAREN CLARK JUAN M. GARCIA NDI Deputy Program Director PASSALACQUA United States Political Analyst Puerto Rico DAVID COLLENET E Former Secretary General, Liberal GEORGI PETKONOV Party GEORGIEV Former Minister for Multicultural Member, Union of Democratic Affairs Forces Canada Bulgaria JOANN DAVIDSON JOAN ANDERSON GROWE Member, Ohio House of Secretary of State, Minnesota Representatives United States United States JEFF HARTSHORN FRANKLIN LAVIN NRIIA Research Assistant Smick, Medley International United States United States DEBORAH HAUGER MICHAEL LEWAN NDI Advisor Administrade Assistant, Office of United States Sen. Joseph Lieberman United States ROBERT E. HENDERSON NRIIA Vice President JEAN LUZ United States Deputy Secretary for International Affairs, Central Democratic Social TOMAS HRIVINAK Party International Secretary, University Portugal Students Union of Slovakia Czechoslovakia JOSE MANNY-LALOR Vice President, Union of the JIM KING Democratic Center Senior Vice President, Argentina Northeastern University United States LETICIA MARTINEZ NDI Logistics Coordinator THEO KRALT United States International Secretary, Christian Democratic Party HOLLY MCGOVERN Netherlands NRHA Public Information Assistant MARTIN KRAUSE United States Eecutiwv Director, Foundation for Liberty and Democracy CECI COLE MCINTURFF Argentina Vice President, Bond, Donatelli, Inc. EMIL KUSHLAJDV United States Union of Democratic Forces Bulgaria THOMAS 0. MELIA NDI Program Director ANTONIO LA PERGOLA United States Member, European Parliament, Socialist Group SOOROOJNUNDUN MOOSUN President, Commission for Chief Electoral Commissioner Democracy Through Law Mauritius Italy NORMAN ORNSTEIN KEITH SCHUETTE Resident Scholar, American NRIIA President Enterprise Institute United States United States ANDREW SEMMEL RODNEY A. PHILLIPS Lcgislativ Assistant, Office of Sen. Progressive Conservatiwv Party Richard Lugar Canada United States MARIANO S. QUESADA MIROSLAV SEVLIEVSKI Founder, National Citizens Secretary, Bulgarian Association Movement for Free Elections for Fair Elections (NAMFREL) Bulgaria Philippines LOITIE SHACKELFORD MICHAEL RATNER Vice Chair, Democratic National NDI Program Assistant Committee United States Former Mayor, Little Rock, Arkansas ANTONIO RIVERA United States Vice Mayor, Tegucigalpa Honduras DERRICK SMITH Member of Parliament, DING ROCO Conservative Party Former Field Director, National Jamaica Citizens Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) EDWARD STEWART Philippines NRIIA Program Officer United States CHARLES ROYER Director, Institute of Politics, DOROTHY TAFT Kennedy School of Government, Legislative Assistant, Office of Rep. Harvard Uniwvrsity Christopher Smith United States United States PETER SCIIRAMM DANIEL TARSCHYS Professor of Political Science, Member of Parliament Secretary Ashland University General, Liberal Group, Council of United States Europe Sweden MARGARET THOMPSON NORBERT WIMMER NRIIA Program Director Member, Constitutional Court of United States Austria Austria RANDY TIFT Legislative Assistant, Office of Rep. KENNETH WOLLACK Frank Wolf NDI Excutiv Vice President United States United States ROUMEN TSANEV SUE WOOD Bulgarian Association for Fair Chair, International Institute for Elections Womens Political Leadership Bulgaria Former Leader, National Party New Zealand RICHARD VIETS Former U.S. Ambassador to ZEV YAROSLAVSKY Jordan and Tanzania Councilman, City of Los Angeles Former Deputy Chief of Mission, United States U.S. Embassy, Bucharest United States JERZY ZURAWIECKI Deputy, The Scjm, Soldarity ALF WENERFORF Poland Member of Parliament Swden NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHARLES T.MANA7T CharmanEmeniw WALTER F MONDALE Chai man SENIOR ADVISORY MADELEINE K ALBRIGHT COMMITTEE Vce Chair TO THE BOARD RACI IELILE HtORA'rI2 a HOROITZ-BILL ALEXANDER Scrar MICHAEL D. BARNES PETER G. KELLY JOIIN BRADEMAS Thrawser BILL BRADLEY RICHARD E CELESTE J. BRIAN ATWOOD MARIO M. CUOMO Pr._ifen PATRICIA M. DERIAN CI IRISTOPi IER J. DODD DAVID AARON MICHAEL S. DUKAKIS IlARRIET C. IABBnlT MARCH FONG EU ELIZABETH FRAWLEY BAGLEY MADELEINE M. KUNIN JAMES B. BOOE MIKE MANSFIELD JOIIN CULVER DONALD E MCIIENRY J01 IN P,DUNFEY DANIEL PAIICK MOYNIHAN TIOMAS E EAGLETON EDMUND S. MUSKIE EUGENE EIDENBERIG TIIOMAS P. O'NEILL, JR. GERALDINE A. FERRARO BILL RICHARDSON RICHARD N. GARDNER CHARLES S. ROBB MARIFE HERNANDEZ STEPIHEN J. SOLARZ GERI M. JOSEPII CYRUS R. VANCE JO IN T. JOYCE ANNE WEXLER JAN KALICKI ANDREW J. YOUNG PENN KEMBLE PAUL G. KIRK, JR. KENNETH D. WOLLACK ELUIOTr E KULICK Executw Vice President JOHN LEWIS LEON LYNCH JEAN B. DUNN LEWIS MANILOW Vice md., for Admini KENNEn I F. MELLEY andDetvZ/o/uw AZE TAYLOR MORPON MARK A. SIEGEL PATRICIA KEEFER MICHAEL R. STEED Senior Contam MAURICE TEMPELSMAN WILLIAM G. THOMAS ESIEBAN E. TORRES MARVIN E WEISSBERG NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BOARD OF DIRECTORS ROBERI . LAGOMARSINO Caiman NOEL L GROSS Vice Chairman J. WILLIAM MIDDENDORF Secnrary-7irau- DAVID S. NORCROSS Genera Counsel BRUCE D. BENSON CRAIG L BERKMAN MARS[ IALL J. BREGER JElB BUSI I DAVID DREIER PH[YLI!S KAMINSKY JACK A. LAUGIIERY RIC1 IARD G. LUGAR CONNIE MACK JORGE MAS EDWARD J. ROLLINS E CLIFTON WIIITE RICI lARD WILLIAMSON ADVISORY COUNCIL RICIIARD V.ALLEN LEE ATWATER FRANK J. FAI IRENKOP, JR. PAULA F I AWKINS JEANE J. KIRKPATRICK Copyright 0 1991 by. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and National Republican Institute for International Affairs Copies available for $6.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. iii FOREWORD ............................................ v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 3 CHAPTERS 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................... 7 A. Pre-Communist Romania ........................... 7 B. Communist Romania .............................. 9 C. The December Revolution ......................... 11 D. Emergence of the Frovisional Council for National Unity .. 13 2. THE ELECTORAL FRAMEWORK ...................... 16 A. The Electoral Law ............................... 17 B. Major Parties ................................... 23 C. Nonpartisan Groups .............................. 30 D. Civic and Voter Education ......................... 32 3. THE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ......................... 34 A. Access to Electronic Media ........................ 37 B. New papers .................................... 40 C. Other Materials and Methods of Information Dissemination .................................. 42 D. Campaign Fiancing ............................. 43 E. Intimidation and Harassment ....................... 44 E Ethnic Tensions ................................. 47 4. THE ELECTION ..................................... 49 A. The Balloting Process ............................ 49 B. Delegations Observations ......................... 51 5. THE COUNTING PROCESS ............................ 57 A. The Vote Count ................................. 57 B. Announcement of Official Results ................... 58 C. Resolution of Electoral Complaints .................. 60 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 61 A. Condusions .................................... 61 B. Recommendations ............................... 62 APPENDICES I. Delegation Statement at May 18, 1990 Press Conference ..... 68 II. Delegation Statement at May 21, 1990 Press Conference ...... 71 IIH. August 21, 1990 article from 7he Washington Post ........... 74 IV. Letter from Central Electoral Bureau to NDI and NRIIA .... 75 V. Delegation Terms of Reference ........................ 77 VI. Election Day Observation Checklist ....................