Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01290-5 - Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution: Fourth Edition Edited by Eberhard Nieschlag and Hermann M. Behre Index More information Index 46,XX disorders of sexual mood effects, 106–8 and bioavailable testosterone levels, development, 36 sexual desire and response, 98–106 338–9 summary of evidence, 109–10 and ejaculate volume, 336 Abaelard, Peter, 4 activin, 127 and erectile dysfunction, 251–2 abdominal aortic aneurism, 342 acute coronary syndromes, 217 and fertility, 336–7 abiraterone, 285 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, 389 and hypogonadism, 323 acetylation of histones, 26 Addison’s disease, 443, 444 and percentage spermatozoa with acetyl-coenzyme A, 16 adipocytes normal morphology, 336 acne fat deposition, 238–40 and sperm motility, 336 in women, 101 influence of DHT, 199 and total sperm output, 336 acne conglobata, 537 adipocytokines, 238–9 androgen receptors, 339 acne vulgaris, 536–7 adipogenic lineage, 254 androgen supplementation debate, acromegaly, 62, 166 adipose tissue 337 activational effects of hormones, 88 hormones produced by, 238–9 andropause, 336 activational effects of testosterone interactions with the HPT axis, aromatase activity, 340 (men), 90–8 238–40 aromatization of testosterone, aggression, 93–6 adrenal androgens 339–40 comparison with women, 110–14 age-related decline in women, 100 biotransformation in the tissues, depression, 93 adrenal cortex 339–40 effects on sleep, 96–7 fetal zone, 438 changes in coronary vasodilatation, impact of aging, 90 adrenal glands 214 mood effects, 93 effects of over-stimulation, 107 effects in generally healthy men, relevant information, 90 adrenal insufficiency, 440, 447 336–7 sexual desire and response, 90–3 DHEA treatment, 442–4 effects of co-morbidity on summary of evidence, 97–8 adrenal steroidogenesis, 16 testosterone levels, 338 testosterone replacement in adrenalectomy, 254 effects of decline in testosterone hypogonadism, 90–2 adrenarche, 37, 89, 438 levels, 323 activational effects of testosterone adrenopause, 438 effects of increasing fat mass, 340 (women), 98–110 adult Leydig cells, 35 effects of obesity on testosterone aggression and assertiveness, adverse effects of testosterone levels, 338 108–9 strategies to avoid, 197–200 effects of testosterone, 97 circulating androgens and sexuality, adverse events free testosterone levels, 338–9 98–100 testosterone therapy in older men, GnRH secretion, 344–5 comparison with men, 110–14 195–6 gonadotropin levels, 343–4 complexity of influences on age-related differences impact on effects of testosterone, 90 sexuality, 110 response to testosterone treatment, increase in SHBG binding capacity, effects of aging, 100 193 345 effects of iatrogenic lowering of aggression increase of serum SHBG, 345 testosterone, 100–3 effects of testosterone in men, 93–6 interindividual variability in effects, effects on sexual problems in effects of testosterone in women, 337–8 women, 103–6 108–9 Leydig cell function, 337 exogenous testosterone gender differences, 94 metabolic clearance rate for administration and sexuality, aggressive personality testosterone, 337, 339 103–6 and testosterone, 93 metabolism of androgens, 339–40 extent of conversion to estrogen, Aggressive Provocation Questionnaire pathophysiology of declining 110 (APQ), 96 testosterone levels, 343–5 individual variability of response, aging primary testicular changes, 343–4 109–10 altered neuroendocrine regulation, production of DHT, 339–40 menopause, 100 344–5 5a-reductase activity, 339–40 547 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01290-5 - Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution: Fourth Edition Edited by Eberhard Nieschlag and Hermann M. Behre Index More information Index aging (cont.) genetic influences, 340–1 prohormones of nortestosterone, reduction in mean testicular influence of insulin levels, 341 521 volume, 343 interindividual variations, 340 prohormones of testosterone, 521 regulation of LH secretion, 344–5 lifestyle factors, 342 supplements contaminated with Sertoli cell function, 336–7 metabolic factors, 341 prohormones, 523 serum testosterone levels, 337–8 physiological factors, 340–2 testosterone-to-epitestosterone SHBG levels, 338–9 serum testosterone levels in disease, ratio, 519 SHBG-bound testosterone, 339 342–3 tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), 522 spermatogenesis, 336–7 SHBG levels, 341–2 use in sports, 191–2, 221 testosterone conversion to Aging Male Symptom Score, 46 anabolic androgenic steroids side- estradiol, 340 Albertus Magnus, 6 effects testosterone production, 337–8 albumin, 21, 60, 61, 273, 423 acne conglobata, 537 tissue levels of androgens, 339–40 alcohol acne vulgaris, 536–7 see also androgen therapy in effects on testosterone level, 342 amenorrhea in women, 541 elderly men. aldo-keto reductase (AKR), 24 anovulation in women, 541 aging and hypoandrogenism aldosterone, 442 atherosclerosis risk, 538 and depression, 351–2 aldosterone antagonists, 219 athletes’ attitudes towards misuse, and quality of life, 352 alendronate, 183 542 androgen status measurement, 352 Alzheimer’s disease, 351 azoospermia, 540 body composition, 348–9 American Association of Clinical behavioral disturbances, 539 bone mineral density, 350–1 Endocrinologists, 413 blood effects, 537 cardiovascular risk profile, 347–8 American Society of Reproductive bones, 538–9 clinical relevance, 345–52 Medicine, 413 breast cancer risk, 541–2 cognitive function, 351 amygdala, 89 cardiac arrhythmias, 537 effects on fat mass, 348 amygdaloid nuclei, 89 cardiac death risk in young effects on mood, 351–2 anabolic androgenic steroids, 9, 191–2, athletes, 538 effects on muscle function, 348–9 373, 461 causes of sudden death, 539–40 effects on muscle mass, 348–9 and cardiac disease, 208 deepening of voice in women, 541 erectile function, 346–7 and liver disease, 208 depressive mood, 539 erythropoiesis, 351 and sudden cardiac death, 208 difficulty in establishing the cause, hemoglobin levels, 351 anti-doping fight in sport, 530–1 535–6 long-term effects of androgen athlete doping program in the GDR, dilatative cardiomyopathy (DCM), therapy, 348 518, 536 538 nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), black-market products, 520–1 dysmenorrhea in women, 541 346 designer steroids, 519, 522–3 gynecomastia, 540 risk of falls, 349 development of synthetic steroids, heart and vessels, 537–8 risk of fractures, 349–51 517–20 hepatocellular carcinoma, 538, 539 sarcopenia, 348–9 discovery of, 191–2 hirsutism, 536–7, 541 senile osteoporosis, 349–51 doping with Oral-Turinabol, 536 hypertension, 538 sexual function, 346–7 extent of the doping problem, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, signs and symptoms of androgen 535–6 540 deficiency, 345–6 findings from anti-doping testing, increase in erythrocytes, 537 skeletal effects of testosterone, 520 increase in hematocrit, 537 349–51 frequency of steroid misuse, 520–1 increase in hemoglobin aging and testosterone levels, 340–3 history of misuse in sports, concentration, 537 and androgen receptor 517–20 increased fibrinolysis, 537 polymorphisms, 341 illegal use and abuse, 9 intrahepatic cholestasis, 538 birth cohort effect, 341 misuse in bodybuilding, 520 intratesticular leiomyosarcoma, 540 body composition and adiposity, misuse in controlled competition kidneys, 539 341 sports, 520 liver, 538 drug side-effects, 343 misuse in fitness studios, 520 muscles, 538–9 effects of alcohol, 342 misuse in non-controlled sports, need for more public education, 542 effects of diet, 342 520–1 pathological myocardial effects of medications, 343 prohibition by sports organizations, hypertrophy, 537–8 effects of smoking, 342 517–20 peliosis hepatis, 538 effects of stress, 342 prohormones, 519 rhabdomyolysis, 539 effects of thyroid hormone changes, prohormones of androgens, 521–2 seborrhea, 536–7 342 prohormones of skin effects, 536–7 ethnic differences, 341 dihydrotestosterone, 521 specific effects in men, 540 548 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01290-5 - Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution: Fourth Edition Edited by Eberhard Nieschlag and Hermann M. Behre Index More information Index specific effects in women, 540–2 androgen-induced hepatotoxicity, effects on reproductive function, striae distensae, 536–7 374 44–5 suppression of spermatogenesis, 540 androgen-induced polycythemia, 375 ethnic differences, 43–4 tumors, 539 androgen insensitivity syndrome gender differences in effects, 111–12 anabolic androgenic steroids testing (AIS), 38–42 hypotheses, 47–8 A and B sample testing, 523–4 androgen receptor gene mutations, 41 influence on body tissues, 45 derivatization, 526 androgen-regulated genes, 42 influence on hair growth, 47 detection of endogenous anabolic clinical findings, 38–9 influence on sperm concentration, androgenic steroids, 528–9 functional characteristics of 45 detection of synthetic anabolic mutations, 41–2 influence on spermatogenesis, 44–5 androgenic steroids, 526–8 genetics, 40–1 influence on testosterone therapy, development of testing laboratory assessment, 39–40 47–8 methodology, 524 somatic mosaicism, 41 Kennedy syndrome (XSBMA), 42–3 DHT doping, 528 androgen insufficiency syndrome mouse model of human sequence, 43 gas chromatography–mass (AIS) pharmacogenetics, 47–8 spectrometry (GC-MS) method, effects on hair growth, 161 prostate development and 524–5 androgen receptor (AR), 10, 15, 24, 88, malignancy, 43–4 high-resolution mass spectrometry 123, 215 psychological effects,