Durham E-Theses Changing sea-level along the north coast of Kuwait bay Al-Asfour, Taiba Abdulmuhsen How to cite: Al-Asfour, Taiba Abdulmuhsen (1975) Changing sea-level along the north coast of Kuwait bay, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8119/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk CHANGING SEA-LEVEL ALONG THE NORTH COAST OF KUWAIT BAY by Taiba Abdulmuhsen Al-Asfour B.A. (Cairo) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography; at the University of Durham 1975 I I TO MY PARENTS i ABSTRACT Field investigations have been carried out to study the changes of sea level-along the north coast of Kuwait Bay. Four zones have been studied in detail viz: Kathma, Ghidhai, Mudairah and Al-Bahra. The area is characterized by the existence of several terraces which lie between the Jal-Az-Zor escarpment and the coastline which may represent stages of changes in sea-level. Three techniques have been adopted to study the terraces: 1. Levelling, 2. Radiocarbon dating of shells, and 3. Sediment analysis by particle size analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results show that there are six terraces in the area. The highest levelled point for the First terrace was obtained from Ghidhai at 92.62 m. above Kuwait Datum, while the least elevation for a fragment of the lowest terrace was5.99metres above Kuwait Datum, at Al-Bahra The terraces, besides having a general tendency to decrease in height from west to east, also indicate local instability and warping. Although the upper terraces can be identified as conspicuous physiographic features, it has been difficult to correlate them according to their height. Radiocarbon dating of a small number of shell samples from the Third, Fourth and Fifth terraces gave a range of ages between >42,950 years BP. and 23,30G£600 years BP.; no simple correlation between height and age is observable and the possibility of shell contamination cannot be excluded. The evidence as a whole suggests that these upper terraces are not younger than Pleistocene in age. Radiocarbon dating for the extreme lowest terraces gave an age range of between 4,570i70 years BP. and 3,56Qi.60 years BP. which suggests a time of formation in the Holocene. The sediment investigations confirm the existence of three 11 depositional environments; fluvial, aeolian and marine. The sediment analysis results together with their geomorphological character indicate that it is possible that the upper two or three terraces originated as a result of fluviatile as well as marine action and were affected by tectonic movements. The lowest terraces are likely to be of marine origin deformed by tectonic movements. / iii FRONTISPIECE J** : - General view of the coastal terraces, looking wes towards Ghidhai and Kathma iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the following:- Professor H. Bowen-Jones, my supervisor, who generously gave me assistance and time. His guidance was of great value and most generously given throughout the work. Professor W.B. Fisher for accepting me as a research student in the Department of Geography, University of Durham, and for facilities provided. Dr. M.J. Tooley, who has provided stimulating discussion, help and advice on numerous occasions. The University of Kuwait, who supported this research project. The technical staff at the University of Kuwait who assisted me in the field. Kuwait Education Office in London for their liaison. The Municipality of Kuwait, especially the surveying department, for their cooperation and assistance. Mr. H.E.J. Biggs of the British Museum (Natural History), who has identified the fossil shells presented in this thesis; his experience especially in relation to the Arabian Gulf mollusca has been greatly appreciated. Dr. J.D. Taylor and Mr. C.P. Nuttal, British Museum (Natural History), for their assistance with the fossil identification. Dr. G.A.L. Johnson of the Geology Department, University of Durham tor taking an interest in this work and giving assistance with geological problems. Mr. C.C.S. Davies, British Petroleum (formerly Kuwait Oil Company) for information and valuable discussions related to the geology of Kuwait. Dr. P. Beaumont for assistance and advice, especially at the beginning of this research project. Dr. P.J. Vincent of Salford University for arranging the work on scanning electron microscope and helpful discussion. Professor F.W. Shotton of Birmingham University who kindly dated two of the shell samples. The staff of the University of Durham Science Library, and in particular Mrs. Jean Chisholm, for their assistance and friendliness. The technical staff of the Department of Geography of the University of Durham especially Mr. J. Telford for their help. Last of all my parents for their continual encouragement, support and patience during the whole of my life. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i Frontispiece iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vi List of Figures viii List of Tables xi List of Plates xii Appendix xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Summary of Relevant Literature about the Arabian 6 Gulf and Adjacent Areas 2.1 The physical characteristics of the Gulf 6 2.2 Structural stability of the head of the Gulf 9 2.3 Morphological studies of changing sea-level in 16 the Gulf Chapter 3 Geology and Physical Geography of Kuwait 23 3.1 Geology 23 3.2 Topography 34 3.3 General remarks on the coastal geomorphology 38 Chapter 4 Methods 40 4.1 Levelling 40 4.2 Radiocarbon dating technique 48 4.3 Sediment analyses 52 4.3.1 Particle size analysis 52 4.3.2 Sediment investigation by scanning 64 electron microscope Chapter 5 Presentation of Data 68 5.1 Field data, levelling results and description 68 5.2 Marine fossils and dating results 127 5.3 Results of the sediment analyses 135 5.3.1 Interpretation of the results of the particle 135 size analysis 5.3*.la Student's t test 171 5.3.1b Interpretation of the four size parameters 180 5.3.1c Correlation and comparison between the grain 190 size distribution curves VXl 5.3.2. Interpretation of surface textures by SEM 205 Chapter 6 Evidence for changing Sea-level along the North 224 Coast of Kuwait Bay 6.1 Introduction 224 6.2 Basic assumptions and sources of errors 230 6.3 The terraces as Physiographic features 234 Chapter 7 Conclusion 262 7.1 Methods of research and correlation of Kuwait data 262 7.2 Implications of the Kuwait Bay findings and the 270 geomorphic evolution of the Arabian Gulf. Bibliography 288 Appendix : 301 Particle size analysis 302 a. Coarse analysis 302 b. Fine analysis by pipette method 303 • • • Vlll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Location map 2 2 Topographic map of the research area. 4 3 Bathymetry of the Arabian Gulf 8 4.1 Advance of the Euphrates-Tigris delta since early 11 historic time (after maps of de Morgan). 4.2 Changing shorelines at the head of the Arabian Gulf. 13 (From Lloyd 1943) 5 Eustatic rise of ocean levels 20 (From Godwin, Suggate and Willis 1958) 6 Approximate location of Bahra anticline 25 (After Cox and Rhoades 1935; and Moody 1947) 7 Relationship of surface drainage to Tertiary tectonics 28 (After C.C.S. Davies, personnel communication) 18 Geology of Kuwait. 30 (From Geologic map of Arabian Peninsula, U.S. Geol. Survey 1963) 9 Geology of the research and adjacent areas 32 (From Fuchs et al 1968) 10 Topography of Kuwait. 35 (Based on several sources) 11 Location of the profiles 42 12 Complete profiles of Kathmay.Ghidhai and Mudairah 69 13 Complete profiles of Al-Bahra 70 14 Profile sections of Kathma I showing the lithology 73 of the bedrocks. 15 Profile sections of Kathma I showing the location 75 of the samples. 16 Profile sections of Kathma II showing the lithology 82 of the bedrocks 17 Profile sections of Kathma II showing the location 84 of the samples. ix 18 Profile sections of Ghidhai showing the lithology 88 of the bedrocks 19 Profile sections of Ghidhai showing the location 91 of the samples. 20 Profile sections of Mudairah showing the lithology 96 of the bedrocks 21 Profile sections of Mudairah showing the location 99 of the samples 22 Profile sections of Al-Bahra I showing the 105 lithology of the bedrocks 23 Profile sections of Al-Bahra I showing the 106 location of the samples 24 Profile sections of Al-Bahra II showing the 113 lithology of the bedrocks. 25 Profile sections of Al-Bahra II showing the v 114 location of the samples. 26 Profile sections of Al-Bahra III showing the 121 lithology of the bedrocks. 27 Profile sections of Al-Bahra III showing the 122 location of the samples. 28 Cumulative curves of the samples 144-160 29 Parameters variation across the research area. 172 30 Scatter plot diagram of mean size versus standard 182 deviation 31 Scatter plot diagram of mean size versus skewness 184 32 Scatter plot diagram of mean size versus kurtosis 186 33a Scatter plot diagram of skewness versus kurtosis 188 showing the depositional environments of the samples.