AG:UTF/ETH/O37/ETH Final Report, Vol, I ETHIOPIAN FUNDS-IN-TRUST ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS RECLAMATION STUDY ETHIOPIA FINAL REPORT Volume 1 Report prepared for the Government of Ethiopia by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1986 AG:UTF/ETH/037/ETH Final Report, Vol. 1 ETHI.OPIAN FUNDS-IN-TRUST ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS RECLAMATION STUDY ETHIOPIA FINAL REPORT Volume 1 Report prepared for the Government of Ethiopia by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1986 The designations employed and the presentation of the material and maps in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The compilation of this report, with itscoverage of the different sectors and activities relevant to the development of an areaas large and diverse as the Ethiopian highlands, would not have beenpossible within the two-year period since the study became operational without the assistance of many people. Unfortunately itis not possibleto name individually the several hundred persons who have contributed to the EHRS, sometimes at much inconvenience to themselves, but the team acknowledges with gratitude its indebtedness to all those persons and institutions who have assistedtheproject by providing information, advice, suggestions, comments on working papers and logistical support and facilities. The study team, working from within the LUPRD, has been constantly supported both logistically and technically by the Head of LUPRD (Ato Berhanu Debele for most of the period, and subsequently Ermias Bekele in the finalmonths ofthe study),and by his departmental colleagues, and the use of departmental facilities. The Minister of Agriculture, Ato Tekola Dejene, and Vice Minister for Natural Resources, Ato Aklu Girgire, have taken a continuing close interest in the EHRS and have provided overall guidance and orientation. The EHRS Coordinating Committee, especially established by the Government, has provided technical guidance for improving the quality of the working papers. The team has also gained much from the professional expertise, opinions and data of Ato Kebede Tatoo, Head of the Soil Conservation and Community Forestry Development Department and his colleagues. The team's association with other MOA Departments, RRC, IAR and other GOE Ministries and agencies, both in Addis Ababa andin the regions, has contributed to understanding of the problems and issues concerned and has enriched the study. We thank them for their time and efforts in extending extensive cooperation and Assistance to the team. The preparation of the EHRS has also benefitted from many other institutions and persons. Substantialtechnical supporthasbeen received from FAO Headquarters and logistic and moral support from the FAO Representative in Ethiopia, H. Dall and his colleagues, D. Mattravers and Ato Solomon Bahru. Valuable technical contributions, continuing encouragement and logistics support have been provided by the UNDP Representative in Ethiopia, K. King and his colleagues, F. Panis and M. Ali. V. Ashworth of the World Bank has provided valuable advice on matters of substance, presentation and administra- tion during his frequent supervision missions. ILCA, WFP, IDR,ILO, FGAE and UNECA are among the non-governmental institut'ions which have contributed to the project by providing data,technicalinformation iv and/or logistics. We are also grateful for the substantial time given us by many individuals, especially H. Hurni (Manager, Soil Conser- vation Research Project), Tamirie Hawando (Alemaya University, College of Agriculture), G. Smith,M. Wales, F.Pinto and E. Mackie of the World Bank, all the personnel of the Sirinka project, and FAO and government colleagues on other GOE/FAO projects, especially: ETH/82/010 Assistance to Land Use Planning; ETH/81/003 Assistance to Soil and Water Conservation; ETH/79/013 Integrated Systems of Food and AgriculturalStatistics; and TCP/ETH/4404 Training inProject Preparation. None of the abovementioned institutions or persons are responsible for the views expressed;this responsibility andthatfor any errors lies solely with members of the EHRS team. It remains only to express sincere appreciation to allthe pro- ject's suppórt staff, under the administrative supervisionofAzeb Asrat, allof whom have often been overburdened by exceptionaf work pressures. The secretaries/typists(including FelegeAbay, Konlit Yibas, Haregewoin Kidanemariam, Mary Mengesha, Haregewoin Abebe, Mulu Girmay) Accounts Assistant/librarian Ashenafi Tsega, draftsmen fsedale Mariam Bayou, Berhanu Amare,drivers/office assistants Ali Yousuf, Tesfaye Michael, Teshome Sahilu, Hagos Nega and others. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Page ABBREVIATIONS xiv FOREWORD xvii PART I: RESOURCES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF THE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS RECLAMATION STUDY 3 1.1 Objectives and structure 3 1..2 Background and rationale 6 1.3 World Bank funding and FAO execution: project UTF/ETH/037/ETH 10 1.4 Strategy characteristics and time horizon 11 1.5 Planning concepts and methodology 13 Chapter 2 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 20 2.1 Definition, size and importance of the study area 20 2.2 Zoning the study area 21 2.3 Geology 28 2.4 Physiography 28 2.5 Climate 32 2.6 Hydrology 36 2.7 Soils 39 2.8 Vegetation 41 2.9 Wildlife 46 Chapter 3 SOCIAL RESOURCES ANDORGANIZATION 48 3.1 Social origins and composition 48 3.2 History, politics and religion 50 3.3 Government and local administration 53 3.4 Population 58 3.5 Land tenure 65 3.6 Peasant institutions 69 Chapter 4 THE ECONOMY 76 4.1 Income and wealth of the highlands 76 4.2 Overview of economic development 78 4.3 Structure of the economy 80 4.4 Roles of public and private sectors 83 4.5 Industry and handicrafts 85 4.6 Transport and communications 86 4.7 Energy 92 4.8 Social development in education, health, nutrition, family planning and water supply 95 4.9 Government revenues, expenditures, the financial sector and inflation 105 vi Page 4.10 Major constraints - skilled manpower and others 108 4.11 Government plans and priorities 110 4.12 Prospects for economic and sociai development 112 Chapter 5 THE RURAL SECTOR 116 5.1 Land use 116 5.2 The agricultural sector - importance andcomposition 117 5.3 Agricultural overview, trends and constraints 119 5.4 Peasant farming systems 124 5.5 Peasant cropping practices 128 5.6 Livestock 133 5.7 State farms and irrigation 146 5.8 Agricultural support institutions and services 153 5.9 Agricultural market prospects and marketing 168 5.10 Forestry 172 PART II: THE DEGRADATION OF RESOURCES AND AN EVALUATION OF ACTIONS.TO COMBAT IT 183 Chapter 6 DEGRADATION: CAUSES, EXTENT, RATE AND FUTURE SITUATION 185 6.1 Definitions and types 185 6.2 Extent, severity and types in the highlands 186 6.3 Causes and processes 196 6.4 Rates of erosion 205 6.5 Erosion hazards and the future situation 212 Chapter 7 EFFECTS AND COSTS OF DEGRADATION 218 7.1 Overview of effects 218 7.2 On-site effects 220 7.3 Downstream effects 225 7.4 Estimated costs 226 7.5 Numbers of persons affected and social costs 231 Chapter 8 EVALUATION OF ACTIONS TO COMBAT DEGRADATION 233 8.1 Awareness of the problem and its solutions 233 8.2 Overview of conservation principles and programmes 238 8.3 Organization,-funding and external assistance 242 8.4 The EirinkaPilot Catchment Rehabilitation Project 255 8.5 Research, evaluation, extension and training 260 8.6 Structural measures 267 8.7 Vegetative measures 273 8.8 Major constraints 280 8.9 Costs, benefits and impact 284 8.10Major lessons of experience 288 Chapter 9 RESETTLEMENT 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Resettlement and land administration policy before 1974 298 9.3 Resettlement since 1974 vii Page 9.4 Institutions involved with resettlement since the revolution 303 9.5 Resettlement schemes institutions 306 9.6 The settlement process before November 1984 309 9.7 The settlement models 310 9.8 Manpower of RRC 312 9.9 The new settlement approach of RRC, September 1984, and the emergency programme of November 1984 312 9.10 Estimation of costs and benefits 314 9.11 Recurrent costs and benefits 326 9.12 Resettlement and conservationbased development 331 VOLUME 2 PART III: DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 1 Chapter 10 STRATEGY OBJECTIVES, OPTIONS AND PRESENTATION 3 10.1 Ethiopia's basic objectives 3 10.2 Priority among objectives: growth with equity 4 10.3 Conservation as a prerequisite for sustainab'le development and socialism 7 10.4 Objectives for conservationbased development 8 10.5 Presenting the options 10 10.6 Farm model analyses to differentiate strategy proposals 14 10.7 Uses and audience of the strategy proposals 15 Chapter 11 LAND RECLAMATION AND CONSERVATION 17 11.1 Overview and priorities 17 11.2 Promoting the message of conservationbased development 30 11.3 Vegetative measures 34 11.4 Structural measures 44 11.5 Conservation research, extension and training 52 11.6 Motivation and land tenure 57 Chapter 12 AGRICULTURE 64 12.1 Importance, overview and priorities 64 12.2 Cropping 76 12.3 Irrigation 95 12.4 Livestock 106 12.5 Agroforestry 115 12.6 Research, training and extension 122 12.7 Inputs, credit, marketing and pricing 129 12.8 Efficiency, capital accumulation and marketable surplus through