Contents Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 5 Why publish a guide to cloud computing? ................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1 – One cloud, many realities ........................................................................................................ 9 A. The cloud’s main attributes ....................................................................................................... 9 1. On-demand self-service ................................................................................................... 10 2. Rapid elasticity ................................................................................................................. 10 3. Resource pooling ............................................................................................................. 10 4. Measured service ............................................................................................................ 10 5. Broad network access ..................................................................................................... 11 B. The cloud market in France and worldwide ............................................................................... 11 1. A booming global market ................................................................................................. 11 2. The price war is also going on in France ......................................................................... 12 C. What can the cloud bring to universities? ................................................................................. 14 1. Software as a Service (SaaS) .......................................................................................... 14 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) .......................................................................................... 16 3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) ..................................................................................... 16 D. Cloud use in universities .......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 – Cloud Deployment ................................................................................................................. 20 A. Deployment models ................................................................................................................ 21 1. Public cloud ..................................................................................................................... 21 2. Private cloud .................................................................................................................... 22 3. Community cloud ............................................................................................................. 22 4. Hybrid cloud ..................................................................................................................... 24 B. Government cloud projects ..................................................................................................... 24 1. The French Numergy and CloudWatt projects ................................................................ 25 2. The American experience ................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 3: Cloud Security in Perspective ................................................................................................... 29 A. Understanding the security debate .......................................................................................... 30 1. Data access ..................................................................................................................... 30 2. Data location .................................................................................................................... 31 B. Personal data ......................................................................................................................... 33 1. Personal data in universities ............................................................................................ 33 2. Regulatory requirements ................................................................................................. 34 3. CNIL recommendations ................................................................................................... 34 C. Guarding against cloud-related security risks ............................................................................ 35 Chapter 4: The Cloud Changes Core Competencies for IT Departments ....................................................... 37 A. The new technology context transforms IT departments ............................................................ 37 1. The trend is to outsource and pool skills ......................................................................... 37 2. The cloud changes IT departments’ positioning .............................................................. 39 3. Charting cloud-related competencies .............................................................................. 40 B. The changing relationship between lines of business and IT ....................................................... 41 1. The position of IT departments is different in companies and universities. ..................... 41 2. It is the IT department’s role to educate users about new technology and cloud issues . 42 Chapter 5: Economic and Financial Impact of the Cloud ............................................................................. 44 A. Private clouds require a large investment ................................................................................. 44 1. The principle .................................................................................................................... 44 2. Economic and financial impact ........................................................................................ 44 B. Public clouds: ample functionalities for a low cost ..................................................................... 44 1. The principle .................................................................................................................... 44 2. Economic and financial impact ........................................................................................ 45 C. Community cloud: the financial advantages of pooling ............................................................... 46 1. The principle .................................................................................................................... 46 2. Economic and financial impact ........................................................................................ 46 3. Case studies: cost of joining a cloud for a university (depending on its size) .................. 46 Chapter 6: The Cloud's Impact on Regions ................................................................................................. 48 A. Geography of data centers ...................................................................................................... 48 1. Selection criteria for the location of a cloud or data center .............................................. 48 2. The issue of distance between the facility and the user .................................................. 50 B. Benefits of a digital facility in the region ................................................................................... 50 1. The stakes of regional connectivity .................................................................................. 50 2. A good understanding between partners is essential ...................................................... 52 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Table of figures ....................................................................................................................................... 55 3 Table of boxes ......................................................................................................................................... 56 4 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the university, ministry and consultancy representatives who contributed to writing this guide. Authors: • Infhotep: Sabine van Gaver, Alessandro Fiorentino, and Mourad Slitni • Paris Ile-de-France Digital University (Université Numérique Paris Ile-de-France, or UNPIdF): Thierry Bedouin and Amandine Alehyane Contributors: • Lyon COMUE (communautés d’universités et établissements, or university grouping): Laurent Flory • French Interministerial Directorate for Information and Communications Systems: Paul Braida • French Ministry of Education: Mathieu Jeandron, Office of Educational Technology (Mission numérique pour l'enseignement supérieur or MINES) at the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research • François Rabelais