SCHOLARLY PAPERS UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA VOLUME 793 Oriental Studies Between East and West: Cultural and Religious Dialogue before, during and after the Totalitarian Rule Based on papers read at the 1st International Scholarly Conference of the Latvian Society for the Study of Religion, University of Latvia, Riga, October 6-8, 2012 Editor of the issue Jānis Priede LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTES RAKSTI 793. SĒJUMS Orientālistika Starp Austrumiem un Rietumiem: kultūru un reliģiju dialogs pirms totalitārā režīma, totalitārā režīma laikā un pēc totalitārā režīma 1. Starptautiskā zinātniskā Latvijas Reliģiju pētniecības biedrības konference Latvijas Universitātē, Rīgā, 2012. gada 6.–8. oktobrī Rakstu krājums Rakstu krājuma redaktors Jānis Priede LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTES RAKSTI 793. SĒJUMS Orientālistika Starp Austrumiem un Rietumiem: kultūru un reliģiju dialogs pirms totalitārā režīma, totalitārā režīma laikā un pēc totalitārā režīma 1. Starptautiskā zinātniskā Latvijas Reliģiju pētniecības biedrības konference Latvijas Universitātē, Rīgā, 2012. gada 6.–8. oktobrī Rakstu krājums Rakstu krājuma redaktors Jānis Priede Latvijas Universitāte SCHOLARLY PAPERS UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA VOLUME 793 Oriental Studies Between East and West: Cultural and Religious Dialogue before, during and after the Totalitarian Rule Based on papers read at the 1st International Scholarly Conference of the Latvian Society for the Study of Religion, University of Latvia, Riga, October 6-8, 2012 Editor of the issue Jānis Priede Latvijas Universitāte Support for Conference Proceedings by ERAF Project Support for the international cooperation projects and other international cooperation activities in research and technology at the University of Latvia No. 2010/0202/2DP/2.1.1.2.0/10/APIA/VIAA/013 IEGULDĪJUMS TAVĀ NĀKOTNĒ Editorial Board Editor in Chief Dr. habil. hist. prof. Leons Taivans (University of Latvia) Editor of the Issue Dr. theol. asoc. prof. Jānis Priede (University of Latvia) Members PhD. prof. William C. Chittick (Stony Brook University) PhD. asoc. prof. Jānis Ešots (University of Latvia) Dr. habil. philol. prof. Viktors Ivbulis (University of Latvia) Dr. habil. philol. prof. Otto Jastrow (Tallinn University) Dr. phil. senior research fellow Frank Kraushaar (University of Latvia) PhD. prof. Rein Raud (University of Helsinki) Dr. theol. prof. Anita Stašulāne (Daugavpils University) Prof. Dr. habil. phil. Kai Vogelsang (Hamburg University) Dr. hist. prof. Andrey Zubov (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) English language editors: Rasma Mozere, Peter Dawson Latvian language editor: Ruta Puriņa Design and layout: Andra Liepiņa Dust jacket photo: Anna Stašulāne All the papers published in the present volume have been rewieved. No part on the volume may be reproduced in any form without the written permision of the publisher. © University of Latvia, 2013 © Article authors, 2013 ISSN 1407-2157 ISBN 978-9984-45-747-5 Contents Jānis Priede Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7 I BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: RELIGION, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY ............................................................................. 9 Ieva Lapiņa Richard Wilhelm between China and Europe: a Failed Missionary? ................................................................................................................. 10 Evgeny Arinin Religion and Science in Russia: Religious Studies .................................................................. 19 Elizabete Taivāne Interpreting Religion: the Notion of the Sacred in Contemporary Religious Science in Russia ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Konstantinos Kornarakis Bloggers in the Name of Christ: The Orthodox Faith in Network and “Private” Theologies in Greece Today ..................................................................................................... 37 II BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: RELIGION AT THE CROSROADS OF BALTIC HISTORY .......................................... 45 Leons Taivans Latvia: Culture as a New Religious Movement? ..................................................................... 46 Andris Priede Forced Ecumenism under Soviet Regime in Latvia and Its Impact on the Collective Memory ................................................................................ 53 Irēna Saleniece Religious Life in Latvia during the Period of Communist Totalitarianism: Individual Choices and Consequences ..................................................................................... 69 Alfonsas Motuzas The Origin of the Hill of Crosses, Devotional Practices and Music of the Pilgrimages ....... 79 Maija Grizane Relationships between Old Believers and Orthodox Church Clergy in Dinaburg District at the Turn of the 19th Century .................................................................................... 84 Rolandas Kregždys Ancient Baltic Religion: Evaluation of Archetypes Authenticity ........................................... 91 III BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: NEW AND OLD RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS .................................................................. 99 Saburo Morishita Ritual Change in a Japanese New Religious Movement ......................................................... 100 Joanna Urbańczyk The Last Testament Church: A Preliminary Research Report ................................................ 111 Jānis Priede Obsequium Christi Alberta Avogadro Karmela rēgulā ........................................................... 118 IV BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: BUDDISM AND ISLAM ........................................................................................................ 131 Lubos Belka Dandaron Mandala: Unofficial Buryat Buddhist Sangha during the Soviet Era ................... 132 Lionel Obadia “Near” East, “Far” East: Imagining and Accepting Islam and Buddhism in France ............ 139 Marju Broder Vello Vaartnou: Nyingmapa from Estonia ............................................................................... 158 Marika Laudere Latvijas budisma kopienu aktivitātes vērtējums ...................................................................... 163 Agita Baltgalve Latvian Buddhist Centres and Teachings of Visiting Tibetan Masters (1991–2011) .............. 170 V BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: TOWARDS RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ................................................................................. 193 Rafal Smoczynski Reducing Antagonism over Anti-New Religious Movements Moral Panics in Selected Countries in Central and Eastern Europe ................................................................. 194 Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez An Introduction to the History of Religious Freedom in Bulgaria ......................................... 201 Angel Hristov Kolev The New Legislation on Religious Freedom in Bulgaria ........................................................ 214 José Luis Llaquet de Entrambasaguas The Novel Catalan Regulation of Cult Centres ....................................................................... 225 Viktar Adzinochanka Religion in Post-Soviet Belarus ................................................................................................ 233 Jānis Priede Introduction SCHOLARLY PAPERS. UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA. 2013, Vol. 793 ORIENTAL STUDIES Introduction The 1st International Scholarly Conference of the Latvian Society for the Study of Religion Between East and West: Cultural and Religious Dialogue before, during and after the Totalitarian Rule took place in Riga at the University of Latvia, 6-8 October 2011. The conference was organized by the Latvian Society for the Study of Religions in cooperation with the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Latvia and the Faculty of Humanities of Daugavpils University within the EC 7th Framework Programme project “Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement”. The conference was concerned primarily with the dialogue of religions and cultures affected by diverse totalitarian regimes. It placed a special emphasis on relations among culture, science, and religion, the contemporary religious situation and processes, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and new religious movements. A special panel at the conference was dedicated to the impact of collective memory accumulated during the difficult periods of the past and manifesting itself in society within various contemporary processes. Among conference participants there were more than 55 researchers from about twenty countries, including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Russia, Byelorussia, Bulgaria, the USA and Japan. The Latvian Society of the Study of Religions is a member of two most important international scientific associations whose official representatives attended the conference. The International Association of the History of Religion was represented by the Secretary General Tim Jensen, and the European Association for the Study of Religions by the treasurer Marco Pasi. One of the most advanced European interdisciplinary research fields was represented by Professor Hilary Pilkington, coordinator of the project “Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement”, funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme for research and technical development. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung was represented by Andreas Michael Klein, Director of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation for Estonia,