The Spanish Inquisition Helen Rawlings The Spanish Inquisition Historical Association Studies General Editors: Muriel Chamberlain, H. T. Dickinson and Joe Smith Published Titles China in the Twentieth Century (second Oliver Cromwell edition) Peter Gaunt Paul J. Bailey Occupied France: Collaboration and y Postwar Japan: 1945 to the Presenty Resistance 1940–1944 Paul J. Bailey H. R. Kedward y The British Welfare Statey The Vikings in Britain John Brown Henry Loyn The Causes of the English Civil War The Spanish Inquisition Norah Carlin Helen Rawlings Decolonization: The Fall of the Appeasement (second edition) European Empires (second edition) Keith Robbins M. E. Chamberlain The Cold War (second edition) From Luddism to the First Reform Bill: Joe Smith Reform in England 1810–1832 Britain in the 1930sy J. R. Dinwiddy Andrew Thorpe The Reformation in Germany The Normans in Britain* C. Scott Dixon David Walker Radicalism in the English Revolution Bismarcky 1640–1660* Bruce Waller F. D. 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Full details are available from The Secretary, The Historical Association, 59a Kennington Park Road, London SE11 4JH, telephone: 020 7735 3901. The Spanish Inquisition Helen Rawlings ß 2006 by Helen Rawlings BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Helen Rawlings to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rawlings, Helen The Spanish Inquisition / Helen Rawlings. p. cm.—(Historical Association studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–631–20599–3 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0–631–20600–0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Inquisition—Spain. 2. Spain—Church history. I. Title. II. Series. BX1735.R39 2005 272’.2’0946—dc22 2004008968 ISBN-13: 978–0–631–20599–9 (hardback); ISBN-13: 978–0–631–20600–2 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/12.5 Times by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in India by Replika Press, Pvt Ltd, Kundli. The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. 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For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com For John Lynch Contents List of Maps and Plates x Acknowledgements xi Chronology xii 1 The Historiography of the Inquisition 1 Introduction 1 Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-century Literature 3 The Black Legend 4 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Literature 5 Twentieth-century Scholarship 8 The Inquisitorial Data-bank 12 The Four Seasons of the Inquisition 14 Conclusion 20 2 The Inquisition as an Institution 21 The Office of Inquisitor General 21 The Council of Inquisition 24 The Inquisition in the Provinces 26 The Procedures of the Inquisition 30 The Auto de Fe 37 The Finances of the Inquisition 42 Inquisitors General of Castile and Arago´n, 1483–1818 (Appendix) 44 viii Contents 3 The Inquisition and the Converso 47 Anti-semitic Tensions in Spanish Society 47 The Statutes of Limpieza de Sangre 50 The Beginnings of the Spanish Inquisition 56 The Expulsion of the Jews 62 The Portuguese New Christians 66 4 The Inquisition and the Morisco 72 1492–1525: Co-existence and Conversion 73 1526–1550: Respite 76 1560–1570: Coercion and Revolt in Granada 79 1570–1600: The End of Tolerance in Arago´n81 1600–1609: The Route to Expulsion 83 1609–1614: The Aftermath 85 5 The Inquisition and Protestantism 90 Illuminism and Humanism under Attack 91 Innovation in Religious Life Condemned 96 The Protestant Challenge, 1558–1559 101 Inquisitorial Censorship and the 1559 Index 108 Biblical Scholarship under Scrutiny 112 6 The Inquisition and Minor Heresy 114 Religious Instruction 115 Religious Deviance: 117 (a) Blasphemy 117 (b) Bigamy and sexual promiscuity 121 (c) Solicitation 125 (d) Superstition and witchcraft 128 7 The Decline and Abolition of the Inquisition 135 The Inquisition under the Bourbons 135 The Cortes of Ca´diz, 1810–1813 139 Restoration and Abolition, 1814–1834 142 Goya’s Inquisition 144 The Balance of History 151 Contents ix Glossary 157 Bibliography and References 160 Index 169 Maps and Plates Map Map 1 Map of Inquisitorial Districts 60 Plates 7.1 Francisco de Goya, Por haber nacido en otra parte (For being born somewhere else), 1814–24 148 7.2 Francisco de Goya, Por traer can˜utos de Diablos de Bayona (For bringing diabolical tracts from Bayonne), 1814–24 149 7.3 Francisco de Goya, Porque sabı´a hacer Ratones (Because she knew how to make mice), 1814–24 150 7.4 Francisco de Goya, Por linaje de hebreos (For being of Jewish ancestry), 1814–24 152 7.5 Francisco de Goya, Por mober la lengua de otro modo (For wagging his tongue in a different way), 1814–24 153 7.6 Francisco de Goya, Por querer a una burra (For loving a she-ass), 1814–24 154 Acknowledgements The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book: Material from chapters 1 and 2 of my Church, Religion and Society in Early Modern Spain (Palgrave, 2002) has been repro- duced with kind permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Drawings by Francisco de Goya have been reproduced with kind permission of the Museo del Prado, Madrid (Plates 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5 and 7.6) and the British Museum, London (Plate 7.4). Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions in the above list and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Chronology 1391 Anti-semitic riots in major Castilian and Aragonese towns. Large number of Jews convert to Christianity and become known as conversos. 1449 Conversos banned from holding public office in Toledo via Sentencia Estatuto. 1473 Massacres of conversos in Andalusian towns. 1474 Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella begins. 1478 Bull of Pope Sixtus IV establishes the Spanish Inquis- ition in Castile. 1480 Inquisition begins its operations in Castile. 1481 First auto de fe in Seville. 1482 First tribunals established in Seville, Co´rdoba, Zara- goza and Valencia. 1483 Toma´s de Torquemada named first Inquisitor General of Castile and Arago´n. Council of the Inquisition estab- lished. 1485 First Instructions on the activity of the Inquisition is- sued by Torquemada. Assassination of Inquisitor Pedro Arube´s in Zaragoza cathedral. 1491 Capitulaciones of Granada guarantee religious freedom to Moors. Condemnation of those Jews and conversos guilty of murder of ‘El Nin˜o de La Guardia’. Chronology xiii 1492 Christian capture of Granada marks end of Reconquest of Spain from Muslim rule. Columbus departs on voy- age of discovery to the Americas. Expulsion of Jews from Castile who refused Christian baptism. 1499 First revolt of Granadine Moors in the Alpujarras mountains begins. 1502 Expulsion of Moors from Castile who refused Christian baptism. 1505 Archbishop of Granada, Hernando de Talavera, ac- cused of being a Judaizer. 1508 Inquisitor Diego Rodrı´guez Lucero of Co´rdoba dis- missed for excessive abuses of his powers. 1516 Reign of Charles I of Spain begins (1516–56). Also held title of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–58). 1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses. 1522 Publication of Polyglot Bible at University of Alcala´. 1525 Publication of Edict against Alumbrados. 1526 Submission of Moors in Arago´n and Valencia to Chris- tian baptism. Arrest of Ignatius Loyola on suspicion of Illuminist leanings. Publication of Erasmus’ Enchiridion Militis Christiani in Castilian. 1527 Valladolid debate on Erasmus. 1531 Arrest of Juan de A´ vila on suspicion of Illuminist lean- ings. 1533 Arrest of Juan de Vergara on charge of triple heresy. 1545 Opening of first session of Council of Trent. 1547 Purity of Blood statute introduced into Toledo cath- edral. Establishment of Portuguese Inquisition. 1556 Reign of Philip II begins. 1558 Discovery of Protestant cells in Valladolid and Seville. 1559 Arrest of Archbishop Carranza of Toledo on charge of heresy. Publication of Index of prohibited books by Inquisitor General Valde´s. xiv Chronology Autos de fe of Protestant sympathizers in Valladolid and Seville.