Fisheries Opportunities Assessment December 2006 Prepared By: Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program (SUCCESS) and Global Water for Sustainability Program (GLOWS) This publication is available electronically on the Coastal Resources Center’s website at http://www.crc.uri.edu. For more information contact: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA. Tel: (401) 874-6224; Fax: (401) 874-6920. Citation: Fisheries Opportunities Assessment. 2006. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, and Florida International University. 104p. Disclaimer: This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the Coastal Resources Center at the University Rhode Island as part of the Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems (SUCCESS) Program and the Global Water for Sustainability Program (GLOWS) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Government. Cooperative Agreement Nos. EPP-A-00-04-00014-00 and EPP-A-00-04-00015-00. Cover Photo Credits: Left: Filipino fisher mending nets (Alan White) Center: Ecuadorian woman cleaning fish (Patrick Christie) Right: Fishing boats, Indonesia; (Robert Pomeroy) Fisheries Opportunities Assessment December 2006 Report Team Patrick Christie, Co-Team Leader Robert Pomeroy, Co-Team Leader Brian Crawford, Project Manager Gene Helfman, Freshwater Fisheries Specialist Nancy Diamond, Gender Specialist Tom Grasso, Marine Fisheries Specialist Gareth Porter, Marine Fisheries Specialist Don Jackson, Freshwater Fisheries Specialist Ann Gordon, Africa Freshwater Fisheries Specialist, WorldFish Center Patrick Dugan, Africa Freshwater Fisheries Specialist, WorldFish Center Catrin Egerton, Africa Freshwater Fisheries Specialist, WorldFish Center Adaoma Wosu, Africa Freshwater Fisheries Specialist, WorldFish Center Lesley Squillante, Editor and Assistant Project Manager Nathan Vinhateiro, Graduate Student Assistant Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program (SUCCESS) and Global Water for Sustainability Program (GLOWS) Components of the Integrated Management of Coastal and Freshwater Systems Program (IMCAFS) List of Acronyms ABCI Amazon Basin Conservation Initiative ADB Asian Development Bank ALLFISH Alliance for Responsible Fisheries ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BRD By-catch Reduction Device CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CARPE Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment CAWT Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking CECAF Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic CI Conservation International CLIFFS Congo Livelihood and Food Security Project COBI Comunidad y Biodiversidad COMPASS Community Partnership for Sustainable Resource Mgt. in Malawi CRMP Coastal Resource Management Program CREDP Congo River Environment and Development Project DFID United Kingdom’s Department for International Development DOI Department of the Interior DOS Department of State DR-CAFTA Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EGAT USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FISH Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest GDA Global Development Alliance GEF Global Environment Facility GEM Growth with Equity Program GLOWS Global Water for Sustainability Program GPS Global Positioning System HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IBAMA Brazilian Environmental Agency ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICMRD International Center for Marine Resource Development ICRAN International Coral Reef Action Network IDRC International Development Research Centre IEHA Initiative to End Hunger in Africa IMCAFS Integrated Management of Coastal and Freshwater Systems Program IMPA Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago IPOA International Plan of Action on Overcapacity IPOPCORM Integrated Population and Coastal Management Program ITQ Individual Transferable Quota IUCN World Conservation Union IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported [Fishing] IWRM Integrated Water and Coastal Resources Management LAC Latin America and the Caribbean LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area LME Large Marine Ecosystems MACH Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through Community Husbandry MCC Millennium Challenge Corporation MDG Millennium Development Goal MER Marine Extractive Reserve MPA Marine Protected Area MSC Marine Stewardship Council NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation PRC Peoples Republic of China PROARCA Programa Ambiental Regional para Centroamérica PROFISH Global Program in Fisheries RCSA The USAID Regional Center for Southern Africa RMO Resources Management Organization RUG Resource User Groups SEAP Special Secretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SUCCESS Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program TED Turtle Excluder Device TNC The Nature Conservancy URI University of Rhode Island USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government WRI World Resources Institute WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund ZIMOZA Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia Transboundary Area Table of Contents Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................1 The Context....................................................................................................................1 The Problem...................................................................................................................1 This Report.....................................................................................................................1 The Opportunity.............................................................................................................2 Why USAID Should Care..............................................................................................2 The Goal.........................................................................................................................3 Rationale for Action.......................................................................................................3 Summary Recommendations .........................................................................................4 Global ...................................................................................................................4 Regional ...................................................................................................................5 National ...................................................................................................................5 1. Introduction............................................................................................................8 2. Why Should USAID and its Partners Care about Small-Scale Fisheries?.....10 2.1 Importance of Fisheries.......................................................................................10 2.2 Small-Scale Fisheries: How Do We Define It? Who Does It? ..........................11 2.3 Current Trends and Conditions: The Fisheries Sector in Crisis .........................13 2.4 Future Outlook....................................................................................................15 2.5 Biodiversity Conservation and Fisheries ............................................................16 2.5.1 Marine Biodiversity: The Hotspots and the Threats.................................16 2.5.2 Freshwater Biodiversity: The Hotspots and the Threats...........................18 2.6 Regional Assessment of Marine and Freshwater Fisheries ................................19 2.6.1 Asia ............................................................................................................20 2.6.2 Africa .........................................................................................................23 2.6.3 Latin America and the Caribbean ..............................................................26 3. Issues Related to the Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries and Threats to Biodiversity...........................................................................................................31 3.1 Weak Governance...............................................................................................31 3.1.1 Corruption..................................................................................................31 3.1.2 Lack of Participation in Governance and Management.............................31 3.1.3 Poor Enforcement ......................................................................................32 3.1.4 Weak Institutional Capacity.......................................................................32 3.1.5 Over-Capacity of Fishing Fleets ................................................................33 3.1.6 Inadequate Information..............................................................................34 3.1.7 Illegal Fishing ............................................................................................34 3.2 Socioeconomic Conditions .................................................................................34 3.2.1 Poverty .......................................................................................................35