Fundamental J. Modern Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 133-168 Published online at http://www.frdint.com/ FRACTAL PHYSICS THEORY - FOUNDATION LEONARD J. MALINOWSKI BASF Dispersions and Resins Monaca, Pennsylvania USA Abstract This first article, in a series of five, introduces Fractal Physics Theory, which is founded on extending the two Special Relativity postulates to scale. The first postulate assumes absolute uniform scale cannot be detected. The meter, kilogram, and second relate to a person’s size, mass, and awareness of time passage, the human scale. Atoms are tiny and stars are enormous, both relative to the human scale. In addition to obvious size and mass-energy differences, there also exists a time scale difference between the quantum and cosmic scales as viewed from the human scale. Quantum scale objects appear to exist in accelerated time frames, while cosmic scale objects appear to exist in decelerated time frames, both relative to the human scale. The second postulate assumes the speed ( c) of electromagnetic radiation photons in vacuum is independent of scale. This series of articles is intended to call attention to the remarkable self- similarity that exists between the quantum and cosmic scales. 1. Introduction The applicability of Fractal Geometry to further understanding of diverse phenomena has proliferated since Benoit Mandelbrot’s seminal work in the 1970s [1]. Special Relativity postulates generalized to “scale” are the basis of the two postulates of Fractal Physics Theory. Laurent Nottale’s Scale Relativity Theory generalizes to scale only one Special Relativity postulate [2]. The works of Mandelbrot and Nottale inspired the development of Fractal Physics Theory (FPT). Few years ago the author became acquainted with the efforts of a relatively small Keywords and phras es : dimension, fractals, infinity, scaling. Received April 4, 2011; Revised June 2, 2011 © 2011 Fundamental Research and Development International 134 LEONARD J. MALINOWSKI group of theorists grappling with incorporating the mathematics of the infinite into the physics of our Universe. The E-infinity group appears to be the first to apply the theory of fractal-Cantorian spacetime to physics, where spacetime is an infinite- dimensional, hierarchical, disconnected non-differentiable Cantor set. It is free of quantum field theory anomalies and is inherently scale invariant because it is geometry without ordinary points. The theory has found success in calculating coupling constants and the mass spectrum of elementary particles [3-5]. Fractal Physics Theory is founded on two postulates, however, E-infinity Theory was not postulated, it was derived mathematically from first principles using set theory. If both theories truly depict physical reality, then they must be complimentary. As discussed by Marek-Crnjac [6], analytical continuation converts an ordinary diffusion equation into the Schrödinger equation and also converts a telegraph equation into a Dirac equation. Analytical continuation is a short cut to quantization, and replaces time t with imaginary time it, where i = − .1 In 1983 Garnet Ord showed that analytical continuation is not required if fractal space-time is used. It is transfinite geometry and not quantization which produces the equations of quantum mechanics. The “ensembles of classical point particles” used successfully by Ord and Mann [7] can be attributed to subquantum scale atoms of FPT. In 1990 El Naschie showed that the n-dimensional triadic Cantor set had the same Hausdorff dimension as the dimension of a random inverse golden mean Sierpinski space to the power n − 1 [6]. The Cantor set is the simplest transfinite set that exists. The triadic Cantor set is a point of measure zero, with Hausdorff dimension ln 2 ln 3 ~ .0 6309 . The Cantor set has an infinite number of points (a discrete structure) but has the exact number of points as in its initial line continuum (same cardinality). Mauldin and Williams constructed a one dimensional golden mean Cantor set. They used a uniform probabilistic distribution to introduce randomness. Space filling means no gaps and no overlapping and introduces randomness. The crucial difference between the normal fractal structure of the Cantor set and the E-infinity Cantorian spacetime is the introduction of randomness for optimal density. The golden mean is the most irrational number that can exist due to the fact it is the least efficient number approximated by a rational number. The topological dimension is always an integer value. The Menger-Urysohn dimension generalizes the topological dimension by setting the dimension zero for all Cantor sets and –1 as the empty set dimension [3-5]. The bijection formula is central to E-infinity spacetime [3-5]: FRACTAL PHYSICS THEORY - FOUNDATION 135 (n) (0) n−1 dc = ( 1 dc ) , (1) (0) dc = Hausdorff dimension of a single elementary Cantor set in one topological dimension. From the Mauldin-Williams theorem, a one dimensional randomly constructed Cantor set will have the Hausdorff dimension equal to the golden mean (0) ϕ = 5.0 ( 5 − 1) ~ .0 618034 = dc , n = Menger-Urysohn dimension. E-infinity established a non-differentiable and non-metric topological space described by three dimensions: (1) The spacetime manifold is formally infinite dimensional. (2) A finite average “expectation value” Hausdorff dimension = 4 + ϕ3 ≈ .4 236068 . (3) A finite topological Menger-Urysohn dimension = .4 Looking at the manifold from a great distance, by reducing the accuracy of the observation, this manifold appears smooth and differentiable with the four dimensions of relativity space-time. Magnifying a section of this manifold reveals its non-differentiable structure. Consequently, this manifold appears to have different dimensions based on the observation resolution. With continued magnification a four dimensional manifold is seen surrounding another four dimensional manifold which surrounds another four dimensional manifold, ad infinitum [3-5]. The remainder of this Introduction demonstrates a profound connection between Fractal Physics Theory and E-infinity Theory. E-infinity Theory is based on Fractal Geometry with the golden mean 5.0 ( 5 − 1) ~ .0 618034 as one of its main pillars. Fractal Physics Theory is based on Fractal Geometry with its scaling fractals all in golden ratios, i.e., a cosmic scale object is to a self-similar quantum scale object as this quantum scale object is to a self-similar subquantum scale object (Subsection 2.1, Definitions, Scaling Fractal). The author has had success applying the golden ratio to explain the periodicity of atomic electron structure of the periodic chart [8]. The author also discovered the electron K-shell total energy average of the largest atoms is exactly .0 618034 MeV [9]. Fractal Physics Theory requires a function that extends to the infinitely large and approaches but never reaches the infinitely small (Section 7, Scaling Fractals and the 136 LEONARD J. MALINOWSKI Fractal Dimension). The bijection formula meets these criteria (Table 1, Figure 1). The bijection formula’s Menger-Urysohn dimensions call to mind Fractal Physics Theory’s Scales of the Fractal Universe (Subsection 2.1, Definitions, Table 3, Figure 2). Table 1. E-infinity bijection formula for some n values (n) Menger-Urysohn dimension n Hausdorff dimension dc 339 + 2ϕ3 .5 451211 × 10 70 339 .4 343326 × 10 70 274 + k 2 .1 181599 × 10 57 274 .1 131425 × 10 57 114 .4 126704 × 10 23 114 − k .3 783681 × 10 23 6 11.090170 5 6.854102 4 4.236068 3 2.618034 2 1.618034 1 1.000000 0 0.618034 –1 0.381966 –2 0.236068 –3 0.145898 –4 0.090170 k 2 = .0 0901699 , L. Hardy’s probability for quantum entanglement [10]. k = ϕ3()1 − ϕ3 . ϕ = golden mean = ( 5 − 1) .2 A Euclidean hypercube visualizes the Hausdorff dimension = 4 + ϕ3 ≈ .4 236068 , which is intuitively embedded in dimension = 5 [3-5]. Fractal Physics Theory proposes the set of all an object’s fractal dimensions be considered the “fifth” dimension, where objects and observers are incorporated into a coordinate system (Section 7, Scaling Fractals and the Fractal Dimension, Table 7, Figure 3). FRACTAL PHYSICS THEORY - FOUNDATION 137 Gerardo Iovane compares quantum values to astrophysical quantities while exploring scale invariant laws of a self-similar fractal universe [11]. Ji-Huan He depicts the hierarchy of a fractal Hilbert cube, connecting an atom to the solar system [12]. Fractal Physics similarly asserts a neutron midway through beta decay is fractally self-similar to our solar system (Section 3, Cosmic Scale Fractal Objects). Ji-Huan He attributes the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle to the hierarchical level location of the object being observed and the difference in the hierarchical levels of the object and the observer [12]. Fractal Physics Theory purports essentially the same idea with the fractal certainty principle, whereby the human scale can use subquantum scale photons (part of the energy of a neutrino) to observe quantum scale objects without altering the object observed (Subsection 11.3, Fractal certainty principle). A great deal of the quantitative aspect of Fractal Physics Theory comes from identifying the pre-solar system mass as the mass of a cosmic scale neutron, and when viewed from the titanic scale, to be equivalent in every way to familiar neutrons observed from our human scale. Dividing these two “adjacent in scale hierarchy” neutron masses yields: Mass scaling fractal ()¥M = .1 189533 × 10 57 . The mass scaling fractal is used to determine the length scaling fractal ()¥L = .3 788566 × 10 23 . Figure 1. E-infinity bijection formula graph. 138 LEONARD J. MALINOWSKI All the scaling fractals of Fractal Physics Theory have been obtained by combinations of the mass and length scaling fractals. The E-infinity transfinite corrections in Table 1 calculate Hausdorff dimensions very close to the Fractal Physics Theory phenomenological determined mass, length and volume scaling fractals (Section 7, Table 7). The integer Menger-Urysohn dimension of the mass scaling fractal (274), the main pillar of Fractal Physics Theory, is obtained from E-infinity’s bijection formula (Table 1).