Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond Religion in Chinese Societies Edited by Kenneth Dean, McGill University Richard Madsen, University of California, San Diego David Palmer, University of Hong Kong VOLUME 3 Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond Edited by Fenggang Yang and Joseph B. Tamney† LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confucianism and spiritual traditions in modern China and beyond / edited by Fenggang Yang and Joseph B. Tamney. p. cm. — (Religion in Chinese societies ; v. 3) ISBN 978-90-04-21239-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Philosophy, Confucian. 2. Confucianism—China. 3. Confucianism—Relations. 4. China—Religion. 5. Confucianism. I. Yang, Fenggang. II. Tamney, Joseph B. B5233.C6C65 2011 181'.112—dc23 2011034514 ISSN 1877-6264 ISBN 978 90 04 21239 8 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. 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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ....................................................................... vii List of Contributors .................................................................... ix Introduction: Nationalism, Globalization, and Chinese Traditions in the Twenty-First Century ................................ 1 Joseph B. Tamney† and Fenggang Yang PART I CONFUCIAN REVIVALISM IN CHINA AND BEYOND: POTENTIALS AND REALITIES A Study of the Renaissance of Traditional Confucian Culture in Contemporary China ........................................... 33 Kang Xiaoguang Confucian Spirituality in Contemporary China ........................ 75 Tu Weiming The Resilience of Confucianism in Chinese Societies .............. 97 Joseph B. Tamney† From Beijing to Boston: The Future Contributions of the Globalization of New Confucianism ...................................... 131 John Berthrong PART II CONFUCIANISM AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE The Daoist Encounter with Modernity: Some Issues in the History and Sociology of Daoism in the Modern Era .......... 151 David A. Palmer and Xun Liu vi contents The Modern Significance of Some Basic Concepts in Chinese Buddhism ................................................................................ 175 Fang Litian Indigenization of Imported Religions in China: The Case of Islam and the Hui People ...................................................... 201 Jian Zhixiang and Ma Rong Protestantism in Modern China as “Foreign Religion” and “Chinese Religion”: Autonomy, Independence, and the Constraints of Foreign Hegemony ......................................... 229 Daniel H. Bays Confucianism, Christianity, and Religious Freedom: Debates in the Transformation Period of Modern China (1900–1920s) ........................................................................... 247 Liu Yi Spiritual Accomplishment in Confucianism and Spiritual Transcendence in Christianity ............................................... 277 Zhuo Xinping PART III THE SOCIAL REALITIES OF RITUAL: FROM EXEGETIC TO ANALYTIC Confucian Humaneness (Ren) Across Social Barriers ................ 295 Robert Cummings Neville The Revival of Confucian Rites in Contemporary China ........ 309 Anna Sun Religion, Ritual, and the Public Good in China ...................... 329 Robert P. Weller Index ........................................................................................... 351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is dedicated to the memory of my co-editor Joseph B. Tam- ney, who passed away on October 25, 2009, in Reston, Virginia, due to complications from cancer. He was born in Queens, New York City, on January 8, 1933. He served as Editor of Sociology of Religion (1994–2000) and President of the Association for the Sociology of Reli- gion (2003–2004). Joe was a humble and easygoing person with a great sense of humor. He was a great colleague to work with. I enjoyed his many visits to West Lafayette, Indiana, in preparation for the 2004 annual meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, for which I was the Program Chair under his presidency. Confucianism and other religions in Asian societies are one of the foci of his numer- ous publications. Joe actively participated in the Beijing Summit on Chinese Spirituality and Society at Peking University on October 8–10, 2008, at which the chapters in this volume were initially pre- sented. Upon the conclusion of the summit, Joe readily agreed to join me in co-editing this volume and worked hard, even while enduring much pain in his last days, to draft the introductory chapter and send me his ideas about the volume. His contribution to this volume is indispensable, and for any fault or weakness in the editing I must take responsibility. The Beijing Summit on Chinese Spirituality and Society in 2008, and the publication of the two volumes it produced (the other one is Social Scientific Studies of Religion in China: Methodology, Theories and Find- ings, co-edited by Fenggang Yang and Graeme Lang), were made pos- sible by a generous grant from the John Templeton Foundation to the Center on Religion and Chinese Society at Purdue University. I thank Dr. Yunfeng Lu of Peking University to serve as the host of the Bei- jing Summit, and all the authors of this volume for their cooperation, patience, and diligence in making the revisions. I am grateful to Dr. Lily Szeto, the tireless and efficient Project Manager throughout the long process. Many people provided assistance during the summit and during the editing of this volume, including the translators and on-site interpreters: Anning Hu of Purdue University, Joy Lam of the Univer- sity of Southern California, Dr. Eric Y. Liu, Jun Lü of Purdue Univer- sity, Dr. Joy Tong of Purdue University, Dr. Chi-ying Alice Wang of viii acknowledgments Purdue University, Dr. Junmin Wang of the University of Memphis, Dr. Yuting Wang of the American University of Sharjah, Dr. Changqi Xia of Wuhan University, and Dr. Jiexia (Elisa) Zhai of Miami Uni- versity. I would like to express my appreciation to Brill editor Katelyn Chin and copy editor Gene McGarry, whose excellent work made the final stage of editing this volume much enjoyable. Fenggang Yang May 18, 2011 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS John Berthrong (Ph.D. in 1979, University of Chicago) is Associate Professor of Comparative Theology (School of Theology) and Acting Director of Division of Religious and Theological Studies at Boston University. His most recent book is Expanding Process (SUNY, 2008). Fang Litian is Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Ren- min University of China, and the Dean of the Advanced Institute of Religious Studies. He is the author of ten books, including two national award-winning books: Buddhist Philosophy and Essentials of Chinese Bud- dhist Philosophy (in Chinese). Jian Zhixiang (Ph.D. in 2008, The Minzu University of China) is Asso- ciate Professor in School of Ethnology and Sociology at the Minzu University of China. One of her books is Self Identification and Social Definition of Ethnic Belonging: A Case Study of Bao-an (Minzu Press, China, 2006). Kang Xiaoguang is Professor in School of Public Administration at Renmin University of China. He has published eight monographs, more than ten co-authored books, more than 40 papers in “relations between state and society”, “Political development and political stabil- ity” and “political culture.” Liu Xun (Ph.D. in 2001, University of Southern California) is Asso- ciate Professor of History at Rutgers University. He is the author of Daoist Modern: Innovation, Lay Practice, and the Community of Inner Alchemy in Republican Shanghai (Harvard, 2009). Liu Yi (Ph.D. in 2008, The Chinese University of Hong Kong) is Assistant Professor of History and Executive Director of Center for the Study of Religion and Society at Shanghai University. He is author of Religion and Politics in a Global Context (Shanghai University Press, 2011). x list of contributors Ma Rong (Ph.D. in 1987, Brown University) is Professor of Sociology at Peking University. His recent book is Population and Society in Contem- porary Tibet (Hong Kong University Press, 2011). Robert Cummings Neville (Ph.D. in 1963, Yale University) is Profes- sor of Philosophy, Religion, and Theology at Boston University where he is also Dean Emeritus of the School of Theology. Two of his recent books are Ritual and Deference and Realism in Religion (SUNY Press). David A. Palmer (Ph.D. in 2002, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes) is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Fellow of the Centre for Anthro- pological Research at the University of Hong Kong. His latest book is The Religious Question in Modern China (University of Chicago Press, 2011). Anna Sun (Ph.D. in 2008, Princeton University) is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Kenyon College. She is completing her book Confusions over Confucianism: Concepts, Methods, and Realities. Joseph