Bioscience Discovery, 2 (3):309-316, July 2011 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print) DEFORASTATION AND WATER POLLUTION IMPACT ON MOSQUITOE RELATED EPIDEMIC DISEASES IN NANDED REGION Sutaone Vinod Department of Zoology, Dnyanopasak Mahavidyalaya, Parbhani, Dist. Parbhani , Maharashtra, India. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Forest resources in India are undergone severe exploitation due to demographic growth and socio-economic development. The overall goal of this study is to clarify the mechanisms linking deforestation, water pollution, economic development and mosquito vector borne areas of active deforestation in Nanded, India. Vector borne disease such as Malaria, Filaria, Dengue, Chickungunya and Japenese Enciphalitis are still major public health problem in the world as well as in State, affecting the development of State accounting heavy morbidity and mortality. Economic loss of hundred crores of Rupees every year. Water pollution has affected plants and organisms living in water bodies; and in almost all cases the effect is damaging individual species, populations, and the natural biological communities of Nanded Region. Key words - Aquatic Ecology, Deforestation, vector born Disease, Mosquitoes, Water Pollution, Eutrophication. INTRODUCTION Forests play an integral part in the livelihoods of Because of man made activities, natural calamities billion people worldwide, supply the habitat for (earthquakes, floods, volcanoes), many flora and millions of species, and play a critical role in fauna lost, which are favourable for the ecosystem. mitigating the effects of climate change. Many diseases transmitted between animals and Deforestation continues at a higher rate of square humans. Some Examples of forest –associated miles per year. Forest biodiversity, and the natural emerging infectious diseases are given in Table: 1. functioning of forest ecosystems, contribute Most of the above said and many diseases immensely to human health. The drastic alteration are transmitted between animals and humans. The of forest systems-opportunities for disease-causing diseases such as HIV and Dengue, which broke free pathogens, such as parasites, viruses or bacteria, to from their primate transmission cycles in African infect other organisms with which they have forests and eventually spread globally. Like AIDS, previously had no harm. Deforestation constitutes a most forest-originating Emerging Infectious Diseases major health, environmental, ecological and socio- are caused by Viruses, bacteria, protozoan, economic challenge. Overall the forest cover has helminthes and Fungi. been decimated from nearly 40% of India’s Infectious diseases are spreading faster geographical area to 19% in 1997 (MoEF 1997) and than ever before. (The world Health Organization now 21.02%. annual report says). Table 1: Vector born Diseases at Global Level Agent / Yellow Fever Dengue Chikungunya Rabies Malaria Disease (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Africa, Indian Africa, Southeast Asia, Distribution Africa, South America Pantropical Ocean, Worldwide South America. Southeast Asia Canines, Hosts / Non-Human Non-Human Non-Human Primates Bats, Other Non-Human Primates reservoirs Primates Primates wildlife Vector Exposure Vector Vector Vector Vector Deforestation and Mosquito vector Deforestation, habitat expansion of and pathogen alteration beneficial for settlements along adaptation. Pathogen and Human mosquito breeding. Emergence forest edges. Hunting Urbanization and vector expansion Human expansion into mechanisms water and wood ineffective vector domestication. into forest. forest, non-human collection control primate malaria Domestication of programme. amoung humans. vectors and pathogen. http://www.biosciencediscovery.com 309 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Sutaone Vinod MATERIALS AND METHODS topography with uneven hills, plateau, gentle slopes The methodology involves in present paper and valley planes. Physiographically, the district can is based upon secondary data sources. The research be divided in to 2 major parts, the hilly region on the methodology also involved quantitative and North and North East and low lying area on the qualitative survey using structured questionnaire banks of the rivers Godavari, Manjra, Manyad, and survey is conducted considering following Penganga , Mongad all of which are perennial. parameters: Asna, Sita, Saraswati and Lendi are the mixed rivers (a) Mapping of the study sites: Five sites are with seasonal flow. The district receives rain from mapped out of the region for this study. In Kinwat the South-West monsoon during the months of June Taluka (villages observed are Bellori, Mandava, to December. The average rainfall in the district Wanjarwadi, Zendiguda) having reserved forest of varies from 853 mm to 1150mm. Kinwat Taluka 528.72 km2 (2000-01). The forest area was 686. 195 receives the maximum rainfall while Kandhar km2 in 1962-63 now experiencing active receives the minimum. deforestation. In Mahur Taluka (villages observed Climatic Condition of Nanded: Climate in Nanded are Sindkhed, Karanji, Shelu, Sarkani). Kandhar district is usually tropical. During summer (villages observed are Panshewadi, Pethwadaj) and temperature raises up to 46°C. While during Nanded is experiencing water pollution. winter the temperature drops to 90C. (b) Socio-economic assessment: Assessment of In 1956, the Nanded district consisted of 6 income status and other socio-demographic talukas of Nanded, Kandhar, Hadgaon, Deglur. parameters using quantitative and qualitative survey Biloli and Mudhol together with the two mahals of methods. According to rural development Nanded Mukhed and Bhokar. Now it comprises of four District has 1, 37, 852 (year 2007) families are below Sub-divisions Nanded, Degloor, Kinwat, and Bhokar poverty line. At present BPL card holders are 2, 05, which are having sixteen talukas i.e. Nanded, 262 and APL (Annual income below Rs.1, 00, 000) Kandhar, Loha, Mudkhed, Ardhapur, Degloor, card holders 2, 13, 870. During 2000-01 social Mukhed, Biloli, Naigaon (kh), Dharmabad, Kinwat, development indicator was showing 37% BPL. Mahur, Himayatnagar, Bhokar, Umri, Hadgaon. (c) Environmental assessment: Assessment of forest exploitation activities including logging, fuel wood Forest in Nanded area collection and other forest uses; evaluation of In 1962, the forest cover of India was government previously. reduced to 22% and in 2009 it is 21.02% only. (d) Mosquito ecological assessment: Assessment of Nanded forest cover is declined from 12.34% to 8.75 mosquito night landing/biting rate via sample %(2009-10). Out of 8.75% forest, 52% (475.28 km2) collectors aspirated mosquitoes off their own legs is in Kinwat Taluka alone (see photograph). and the number of mosquitoes was recorded within According to National Forest Policy document of the period. 1988, it must be 33%. (e) Malaria epidemiological assessment: The total area under forests in the district is Assessment of Malaria, Filaria, Chikungunya, 1275.523 km2 (Nanded Gazette), but it might be Japanese encephalitis, Dengue and Yellow fever 1430.489 km2 (2000-01) or more (because forest area incidences and prevalence via descriptive of Mahur, Himayatnagar, Ardhapur, Umri, epidemiological survey method using the number of Dharmabad, Naygaon, Loha, Mudkhed was not taken cases of vector born disease among the population into account. Now it is reduced to 919.16 km2 from last five years. This research is conducted in the (deforested area 40%) and falls under two categories rural, semi-urban and urban area of Nanded District. reserved and protected. It is dry mixed deciduous Nanded is one of the backward district of type with teak as the most valuable species. The Marathwada region of Maharashtra and have a other associates of teak are Salai, Dhavada, predominantly agrarian economy. The district is still Temburni, Khair, Ai, Moyana, etc. Furniture on agrarian century with very little industrial growth. industry is the only prominent industry which utilizes Geographic Location of Nanded: the forest products. It is situated at about 18°.15' and 19°.55' In last 50 years about 40% forest is lost North latitude and 77° to 78°.25' east longitude, the because of manmade activities. In that period area of Nanded district is about 10, 502 km2. It is there was no production/demand of LPG and located in the south eastern part of the state. It is kerosene and most of the people were dependant bounded on the North by Yavatmal District, on the on fuel wood. In this area % of BPL (People below South West by Latur District, on the North West by poverty line, backward class) is more. They Parbhani Distirct of Maharashtra State, on the East consumed fuel wood on large scale, which resulted and South East by Adilabad and Nizamabad Districts into lost of flora and fauna in this region. There of Andhra Pradesh and on the South by Bidar District was no forest are under the Revenue department. of Karnataka State. The area presents undulating http://www.biosciencediscovery.com 310 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Bioscience Discovery, 2 (3):309-316, July 2011 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print) Map o of Nanded District Agriculture in the district is wholly The Jayakwadi dam near Paithan is one of dependent upon the monsoon with the result that the largest earthen dams in India. This dam was there is always a danger of drought or famine built to address the problem of drought in conditions. Under these circumstances irrigation Marathwada region and problem of flood along the efforts by directing the flows of rivers, small and big, bank