Metallographic Etching 2nd Edition By Günter Petzow In collaboration with Veronika Carle Translated by Uta Harnisch Techniques for Metallography Ceramography Plastography Contents Preface to the German Edition . VIII Preface . IX Introduction . 1 1 Metallography . 7 1.1 Preparation of Metallographic Specimens . 7 1.2 Specimen Sectioning . 8 1.3 Mounting. 11 1.3.1 Clamping . 12 1.3.2 Embedding . 13 1.3.3 Special Mounting Techniques . 15 1.4 Identification (Marking). 18 1.5 Grinding and Polishing . 18 1.5.1 Mechanical Grinding and Polishing . 19 1.5.2 Microtome Cutting and Ultramilling . 29 1.5.3 Electrolytic Grinding and Polishing . 30 1.5.4 Chemical Polishing . 34 1.5.5 Combined Polishing Methods . 34 1.5.6 Evaluation of Polishing Methods . 36 1.6 Cleaning . 37 1.7 Metallographic Etching . 38 1.7.1 Optical Etching . 39 1.7.2 Electrochemical (Chemical) Etching . 40 1.7.3 Physical Etching . 44 1.7.4 Etching Reproducibility . 45 1.7.5 Etching Terminology . 47 1.7.6 Definitions of Etching Terms . 47 1.8 Field Metallography/Nondestructive Metallography. 50 1.9 Preparation and Etching Recipes for Metallic Materials . 51 1.9.1 Silver . 53 1.9.2 Aluminum . 57 1.9.3 Gold . 64 v 1.9.4 Beryllium. 67 1.9.5 Bismuth and Antimony . 70 1.9.6 Cadmium, Indium, and Thallium . 72 1.9.7 Cobalt . 75 1.9.8 Refractory Metals (Chromium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Rhenium, Tantalum, Vanadium, and Tungsten) . 80 1.9.9 Copper. 88 1.9.10 Iron, Steel, and Cast Iron . 94 1.9.11 Semiconductors (Germanium, Silicon, Selenium, Tellurium, AIIIBVI, and AIIBVI Compounds). 102 1.9.12 Hafnium and Zirconium . 109 1.9.13 Mercury (Amalgams). 112 1.9.14 Magnesium . 114 1.9.15 Manganese. 117 1.9.16 Nickel . 118 1.9.17 Lead. 125 1.9.18 Platinum Metals (Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Iridium, Ruthenium, and Osmium) . 130 1.9.19 Plutonium, Thorium, and Uranium, Americium, and Neptunium . 133 1.9.20 Tin . 135 1.9.21 Titanium . 139 1.9.22 Yttrium, Lanthanum, and Rare Earth Metals. 144 1.9.23 Zinc . 148 2 Ceramography . 153 2.1 Sample Preparation for Ceramic Materials . 153 2.2 Sampling . 154 2.3 Mounting. 154 2.4 Identification . 155 2.5 Grinding and Polishing . 155 2.5.1 Mechanical Grinding and Polishing . 155 2.5.2 Other Grinding and Polishing Methods . 158 2.6 Cleaning . 158 2.7 Ceramographic Etching . 159 2.7.1 Optical Etching . 159 2.7.2 Electrochemical (Chemical) Etching . 160 2.7.3 Physical Etching . 162 2.8 Preparation and Etch Recipes of Ceramic Materials . 163 2.8.1 Oxide Ceramics . 164 2.8.2 Nitride Ceramics . 168 2.8.3 Boride Ceramics . 169 vi 2.8.4 Carbide Ceramics. 169 2.8.5 Phosphide and Sulfide Ceramics . 172 2.8.6 Hardmetals (Cemented Carbides). 172 3 Plastography. 175 3.1 Plastographic Sample Preparation . 177 3.2 Plastographic Etching . 179 3.3 Etchants for Polymers . 180 3.4 Plastographic Thin Sectioning . 181 3.5 Plastographic Microtome Sectioning . 182 3.6 Light Microscopic Studies of Thin Sections or Microtomed Sections . 183 4 Appendix . 185 4.1 Designation of Etchants . 185 4.2 List of Chemicals. 190 4.3 Hazardous Chemical Symbols and Their Interpretation . 196 4.4 Handling Tips for Hazardous Materials . 198 4.4.1 Rules, Tips, and Precautions. 198 4.4.2 Important Special Precautions . 199 4.4.3 Dangerous Reactions of Chemicals . 202 4.4.4 Disposal of Hazardous Materials. 203 5 Literature References. 205 Journals . 205 General Textbooks and Reviews. 205 Handbooks, Compilations, and Tables . 208 Metallographic Preparation. 209 Metallic Materials. ..