This file contains material which can be cited as: Honeybone, Patrick (2015) ‘Analysin de werdz ov de Scouse Alice: translating Standard English into Scouse.’ With back-translation and notes. In: Lindseth, Jon A. & Tannenbaum, Alan (eds) Alice in a World of Wonderlands: the translations of Lewis Carroll’s Masterpiece. New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press, vol. 1 661-664, vol. 2 602-605. The book contains analyses and ‘back-translations’ of a selected passage from translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in around 100 languages and dialects; it was published to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the original publication of Alice. This document comprises: 1. An article analysing Marvin Sumner’s translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland into Scouse (Liverpool English). The article focuses on some general principles involved in ‘translating’ into dialect literature, and on some of the details of the passage selected for focus. (The article is entitled ‘Analysin de werdz ov de Scouse Alice: translating Standard English into Scouse’, and was written by Patrick Honeybone.) 2. An edited version of the passage in focus, as translated into Scouse by Marvin Sumner from 1990. The passage, selected by the editors of the Alice in a World of Wonderlands volume, is around half of the chapter entitled ‘A Mad Tea Party’ and runs from “‘Twinkle, twinkle, little bat’” to “…trying to put the Dormouse into the teapot.” (The translation was done by Marvin Sumner.) 3. A ‘back-translation’ of the passage from Scouse into Standard English, with accompanying notes. (The back-translation and notes were done by Patrick Honeybone.) 4. The original version of the passage in focus, scanned in from the typescript. (The translation was done by Marvin Sumner.) Analysin de werdz ov de Scouse Alice: translating Standard English into Scouse Patrick Honeybone, University of Edinburgh [email protected] This version of Alice renders Carroll’s text in ‘Scouse’, which is the name commonly given in Britain to the dialect of English spoken in and around the city of Liverpool (in academic discourse, it is often called ‘Liverpool English’). The translation is thus a piece of ‘dialect literature’, which means that it is composed wholly in a nonstandard dialect, and is essentially aimed at a readership who speak that nonstandard dialect (Shorrocks 1996, 386). Because of this, there is not much to be explained in these notes in terms of word choice, for three reasons: (i) the translation’s target ‘language’ is a dialect of English, like the source ‘language’ (Standard English), and everyone who speaks Scouse understands Standard English as well, (ii) the target dialect is most clearly distinct from Standard English at the phonological level, and does not have a large ‘dialect lexis’ which differs from that of other dialects, and (iii) the translator has kept quite close to the original, even choosing to retain some archaisms, such as “between whiles” which is rendered as between wilez. All this means that the Scouse version is lexically very similar to the original, so the translator has not been faced with the kind of problems, when dealing with Carroll’s nonsense and word-play, that have troubled those translating Alice into completely different languages, spoken in different cultures. This does not mean that anyone who can read English would easily understand the Scouse version, however. Several of the characteristics of the text that I discuss here make it look very different from Standard English. There has never been a serious claim that Scouse is a different language to English (unlike Scots, for example). Scouse would need a grammar and lexis which are substantially different from Standard English for that, which it does not have. Some aspects of the grammar of Scouse are different to the grammar of Standard English, but these are typically widely shared with other nonstandard dialects − for example Carroll’s “Alice gently remarked” is translated as Alice sed ded gentul like, showing that adverbs modifying verbs do not take a -ly inflection in Scouse, as is common in nonstandard English. The lexis of Scouse is practically all shared with other varieties of English, including Standard English. The phrase just quoted also shows some of the very few nonstandard words used in the passage (ded means “very” and like is used as a discourse particle) but these, too, are widespread in British dialects, at least. Some other words in the Scouse translation are closer to general British slang that region-specific dialect forms, such as dogtired and narked (which means “annoyed”). The fact that Scouse is not greatly different from Standard English in its grammar and lexis is partly explained by its origins as a relatively ‘new’ dialect of English. Scouse traces its roots back only to the nineteenth century (see Honeybone 2007), when it emerged from a dialect-mixing process which ‘rubbed off’ many of the grammatical and lexical features which differentiated the dialects (from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales) which mixed in Liverpool when Scouse was emerging. Scouse is mainly differentiated from other dialects of English at the phonological level, and this is well represented in the passage. Dialect literature often uses respelling conventions to adapt the orthography of English words to reflect the phonology of the dialect in question (see Honeybone & Watson, to appear, for a discussion of this in other Scouse dialect literature). Some dialects have centuries-old conventions for this. Scouse dialect literature properly began in the 1960s and makes use of Standard English orthographic conventions to spell some Scouse phonological features − those which are salient to speakers, and can be straightforwardly respelled. I discuss four here. Scouse (i) lacks the vowel contrast found in most dialects in the pair “fur” and “fair” (and elsewhere) − for most Scouse speakers, the vowel that other dialects have only in “fair” is used in both words, and this is represented in the passage by such spellings as werd “word”, ferst “first”, terned “turned”, lernin “learning” and werse “worse”. All these spellings draw attention to the fact that the vowels of these words are not the same as in other forms of English, and the Scouse reader knows precisely which vowel is meant. Contemporary dialect literature is often not consistent in respelling dialect features, and while this passage is largely (perhaps unusually) consistent, it is not completely regular − “murdering” is spelled murdrin, for example, so, while murdrin spells the elision of the unstressed medial vowel, and also what is sometimes called “g-dropping” (the pronunciation of unstressed -ing with an alveolar, rather than a velar nasal, a feature which is represented 100% of the time in the passage considered here), murdrin does not respell the vowel feature just discussed. Other phonological features of Scouse spelled in the passage are: (ii) th-stopping, which involves words which in most other varieties of English feature fricatives (prolongable noisy sounds) of the kind which are spelled with “th”, but which can be pronounced in Scouse with stops (sounds which involve a complete closure in the mouth) − this is represented in the translation by such spellings as de “the”, sumtin “something”, ting “thing”, datz “that’s”, wid “with”, diss “this”, der “there/their”, tink “think”, doe “though”, and is spelled quite regularly, with some consistent conventions (such as denn, which is always use for “then”), but there is also some variation (for example, both wid and widd are used for “with”); (iii) h-dropping, which is the absence of /h/, and which is spelled very consistently in the passage, so that the March Hare and the Hatter are always de March ’are and de ’atter, along with other spellings like ’ardly “hardly”, ’ead “head”, ’urry “hurry” and ’erself “herself”, while the only occurrence of /h/ in the passage is in herd “heard”; and (iv) T-to-R, which is the pronunciation of mostly word-final /t/ as /r/ when the following word begins with a vowel, as in purrout “put out”, worrappenz “what happens”, irron “it on”, arrall “at all”, burri “but I”, arrova “out of a”, birra “bit of” − this is very consistently represented because T-to-R is only possible with a small set of words such as those featured here (“put, what, it, but” etc., and also occasionally in the middle of words, as in the authentic gerrin “getting” and berrer “better”), but it is not possible in words like “minute” or “without”, which are accurately represented with “t”, not “r”, in minnit or “minute or” and widdout inneruptin “without interrupting”. Of the four features discussed here, all distinguish Scouse from Standard/Reference English and are more geographically constrained than the grammatical and lexical features discussed above, but some are shared with some other dialects. Feature (i) is almost unique to Scouse, (ii) is shared with only a few dialects (eg, Southern Irish English, New York City English), (iii) is shared with most dialects from England, and (iv) is shared with other dialects from Northern England. Some phonological features of Scouse cannot easily be represented in dialect literature, thus the characteristic Scouse patterns of intonation cannot be represented in writing, and Scouse ‘lenition’, in which stops like /t/ and /k/ can be pronounced like fricatives (so that “back” sounds like the German pronunciation of Bach), is not phonologically salient (see Honeybone & Watson, 2013, for further discussion of this). The