WORLD ORDER VISIONS SINCE EARLY MODERN EUROPE John Howard Yoder, chapter eight in Chapters in the History of Religiously Rooted Non Violence: A Series of Working Papers ofthe Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. I. THE PROCESSION OF PEACE PLANS 1300-1314: several pamphlets by Pierre du Bois, b. ca. 1255, adviser to the King of France: especially de recuperatione terrae sanctae, 1306, proposing a federation to be led by France, with the pope as titular head, ostensibly to regain the holy land, but by means of a European federation (SJH: l ff., ES: 1-8). ca. 1310, Dante Alighieri: de monarchia; vision of a restored Roman world empire. Not published until 1559 (Basel). Modern edition Boston 1904. (SJH:4-ll) 1324? Marsilius of Padua: Defensor Pacis proposes a World state established by representation from the several states ~ independent of papacy (SJH: l 2f). 1461 /64 Antoine Marini of Grenoble, prepared on behalf of George Podebrod King of Bohemia; coalition of European princes, in order to combat the Turks, relativizing the pre-eminence of the Emperor and of the King of France (SJH: 14-17). 1513 Wm of Ciervia and John Sylvagius of Burgundy, plan advocating a congress of Christian Kings; its breakdown provokes Erasmus' Complaint of Peace (SJH: 17f). 1514/ 17 Desiderius Erasmus querela pacis proposes tribunals of bishops and abbots to settle conflicts among princes: "One can hardly imagine an unfavorable peace which would not be preferable to the most favorable war." (SJH:l8-20) cf. Jose Chapiro: Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace Beacon 1950 1518 Pope Leo X and Cardinal Wolsey: Treaty of Universal Peace; ratified by England and France, joined by Spain and Pope, open to other nations to join; directed against the Turks. Lasted one year (SJH:20f). 1587 Francois de la Noue Discours politiques et militaires: Proposes a treaty among Christian sovereigns in order to unite against the Turks. 1614 Lodovicus Molina S. J. Nominates the pope as international mediator. 1623 Emeric Cruce (monk) New Cyneas: federation of rulers reaching all the way to China, India, Africa. Interreligious. Against pirates, to protect commerce. Edition by Thomas Balch Phila. 1909) pp. 68-83 in Peter Mayer (ed.) The Pacifist Conscience NY Holt 1966; noted in Bainton 177-80, summarized pp. 22-30 in Hemleben (s. below). The original Cyneas was according to Plutarch the advisor who showed his monarch Pyrrhus the futility of war (SJH :21- 31, ES:9-20). 1598-1610: Henri IV of France: Grand Design (attributed to King Henri in the memoirs of his minister Maximilien de Bethune, Due de Sully, who probably wrote it himself. Sully claimed to have discussed it with Queen Elizabeth in 1601 but seems rather to have drafted it after his retirement after l 620. Published 2 vols l 638, 2 vols 1662). A red.istricting of Europe to create fifteen same-size states, excluding Russia and Turkey, to maintain balance and gradually to acquire world empire. Governed by a Council or Senate in permanent session (SJH:3 l-4 l, ES:20-28). 1625 Hugo Grotius de jure belli ac pacis proposes periodic congresses of princes (SJH:42-4 7). 1633 Campanella monarchia messiae; for world famine relief. 1642-66: de rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica written by John Amos Comenius 1592-1670; bishop educator of "Moravian" Unitas Fratrum. 1667: John Amos Comenius' Angel of Peace was addressed to ambassadors concluding the end of the second war between England and the Netherlands: translation ed. Safranek, published New York, Pantheon 1950; noted in Bainton 181. 1676 Samuel Rachel dissertationes de jure naturae et gentium college of princes; 1677 Caesarinus Furstenerius (pseudonym for the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) De suprematu Principum Germaniae An argument against Hobbes. Appeals to the history of ecumenical councils as models for a permanent Senate of Christendom. Leibniz also wrote critical comments on the project of Saint-Pierre (see below 1712). In 1693 he published a collection of documents of the law of peoples (Corpus juris gentium) tending to support the cause of the Empire against that of France. 1693 Wm Penn ( l 644-l 7 l 8) An Essay toward the present and future peace of Europe (reprinted Philadelphia, Friends General Conference, 1944; Edition P. van den Dungen, Hildesheim/NY, Ohm, 1983: ND/BX/76 l 4/P4/E8/l 983); Differences between sovereigns to be resolved by a diet or parliament of Europe to meet every 1-3 years. Meeting in a round room with many entrances so as to have no precedence. Voting by secret ballot. Open for nations as distant as Turks or Russians to join (SJH:47-53). 1710 John Sellers; Reasons for an European State combines Penn/Sully visions in a proposal submitted to the British parliament at the occasion of a war 1710 between France and Netherlands. Joining all neutrals in this parliament of Europe would enable the belligerents to make peace. (SJH:53-56) Karl Marx called Sellers "a veritable phenomenon in the history of political economy." 1712 Charles Irene de Castel, Abbe de Saint-Pierre ( 1658-1713); Project to make peace perpetual in Europe; expanded edition in two volumes 1713, a third volume 1717, an abrege 1728. Reprint 1986, Paris, Fayard, 722pp. Members would be "all Christian states." Provides for a standing congress or senate. Obligatory mediation of conflicts. Assists sovereigns against internal sedition. All treaties between sovereigns must be ratified by the sen~te (SJH:53-72, ES:76-95, Bainton l 82ff). 1736 Giulio Alberoni (cardinal, prime minister) Scheme for reducing the Turkish empire .. .together with a scheme for a perpetual Diet 1745 (anonymous) (french) Projet d'un nouveau systeme de !'Europe 1747 Johann Michael von Loen, Governor ofTecklenburg-Lingen, von einem bestandigen Frieden in Europa (On a permanent peace in Europe). 1757 Ange Goudar; The Peace of Europe can only be established through a long truce ... : League of ambassadors of the princes of Europe (ES :95-99). 1758 Johann Franz von Palthen Projekt einen immerwahrenden Frieden in Europa zu unterhalten 1761 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Project for Perpetual Peace, based on texts of St-Pierre (above), which he summarizes and. interprets, later adding a critique (posthumou~ 1782). Nineteen sovereigns establish a commonwealth by treaty. Whereas St-Pierre had called on sovereigns to make peace because it is right, Rousseau shows that it is in their interest (SJH:73-82, ES:l38- 148). I 779ff: Pierre Andre Gargaz, schoolteacher, condemned unjustly to galley slavery, released 1781. Corresponded with Benjamin Franklin, who called him a "veritable philosopher", about a 25pp Plan for Perpetual Peace (ES: 176-181 ). (anonymous) Project of a High Conservatory Power directed by the Four Great Powers: instead of all states being equal, the major powers join to control the others (prefiguring the Holy Alliance - and the United Nations). 1788 Palier de Saint-Germain, New Essai on the Project of Perpetual Peace. United States of Europe, with representative council/tribunal and federative army. 1786-89 Jeremy Bentham (d. 1832: published only 1843) A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace; a world court calls on public opinion for support (SJH:82-87). 1795 Immanuel Kant On Perpetual Peace. Coincides with Peace of Basel 5 April 1975 between France and Prussia. In Arthur F. Holmes, ed., War and Christian Ethics, GRapids Baker 1975, pp 274-283. Another translation by Ted Humphrey, Cambridge, Hackett Publishing, 1983. Internal constitution of each member nation should be republican. States join voluntarily. (SJH:87-95) 1767: von Lilienfeld, Lithuanian nobleman: Neues Staatsgebaude 1814, (Eve of the congress of Vienna) Claude Henri de Saint-Simon and Augustin Thierry, On the reorganization of European Society, or the necessity and the means of uniting the peoples of Europe while keeping for each its national independence. A bicameral parliament of all Europe. (SJH:97f) 1815 Alexander I (Russia) Holy Alliance: vision for an union of Christian sovereigns. Not the same as the Quadruple Alliance which came out of the Vienna settlement. USA refused to join the alliance because the other parties were not democracies. Britain refused because diplomat Castlereagh considered Tsar Alexander insane (SJH:97-l 01 ). 1840 William Ladd, Essay on a Congress of Nations, for the adjustment of International Disputes without Resort to Arms. (previous version 1832) Separates diplomatic and judicial branches. (SJH: 104-112) 1842 William Jay, War and Peace. The Evils of the First and a Plan for Preserving the Last (reprinted 1919). (SJH: 113-116) 184 7 Alfred Lord Tennyson, Locksley Hall: Poetic vision of a "Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World" 1851? Victor Hugo addressing (Paris?) peace conference calls for "United States of Europe" in Peter Mayer (op cit) 84-86. There were conferences Iike this in Brussels ( 1848), Paris ( 1849), Frankfort (l 850) and London (l 851) - (SJH: 112). 1857 Gustave de Molinari; Synthesis of the visions (above) of St-Pierre, Sully's Grand Design, and Kant. Responds to the Crimean war. Nations should act in concert to impose a just solution, not leaving a war to the belligerents. 1878 Johann Caspar Bluntschli, Heidelberg law professor: Europe as Federation of States 1869 (ET) J G Fichte Rechtswissenschaft 1884 James Lorimer, University of Edinburgh, The Institutes of the Law of Nations. First plan to propose a separate executive serving the international agency. Tribunal with two branches, civil and criminal. · 1893 F Engels "Can Europe Disarm?" II: SUMMARY: FEATURES COMMON TO PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE ABOVE PROJECTS: - a) They all accept as starting point the existing state structures, their sovereigns, their internal governmental setups; i.e. their self-understanding is conservative though creative. - b) It follows that none of them is about "World Government" in the standard (modern) sense of that term; ib as meaning that the interior life of any national community would be governed from outside its borders by "foreigners." - c) None of them is "utopian," in the ordinary sense of not taking account of real-world practicality.