Member of the Asscoiated Press . Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenhswse. Cejhciebce fcdcdcd. Est. 1869 Wednesday, November 24, 1892 Price 6d TANG DYNASTY POLITICAL BREAKTRHGOUH: FIRST FEMALE EMPEROR! Emperor Kao Wu Zetian declared Tsung Illness emperor of China After 5 years of marriage, Later in 690, Wu's youngest Emperor Kao Tsung was son removed himself from hit by crippling stroke. His office, and Wu Zetian became wife, the Empress Wu an official emperor of China. Zeitan took over her Her rule is quite benign husband's administrative despite her ruthless methods duties of the court. to climb to power. She setted While subsituting for her up the government with suffering husband, the people who were best suited Empress Wu created a and who she trusted. She also secret police force to spy then stopped the influence of on her opposition and aristocratic military men on jailed or killed anyone government by replacing who stood in her way. them with scholars. In order After the death of Kao to obtain a government Tsung, Wu Zetian position now, one would have appointed her younest and to take an exam. and weaker son into power, ruling by telling him what to do. Byzantine Empire Islamic Caliphates Nika revolt in the Hippodrome Sunni and Shi'a split Death of 30,000 After Mohammad's death, leadership of This peasant revolt took place in Constinople the Islamic community was passed to within the Hippodrome where crowds gathered Abu Bakr as-Siddiq. Some felt that this to watch exciting chariot races and smiilar succession was not legitimate and that spectacles. During the chariot race, members of tthe title of caliph belonged to the Blues and the Greens were arrested for Mohammad's cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib. murder after a clash. Justinian ordered the cu lp The supporters of Abu became the rits to be captured and put to death, however the Sunnis and those to favor ibn Ali the factions demanded a full pardon and revolted, Shi'a. The Sunnis believe that the setting fires in the city and fighting against Caliph should be elected by religious military forces. Shortly after, another chariot race leaders of the Islamic community while was organized to rally people against Justinian. Shi'a believe that desecendants of Ali Thousands of people were shouting "Nika" and are to be Calphiates. begain attacking the Great Palace twere Emperor Middle Ages of Europe Justinian was in. Justinian then ordered his Battle of Tours generals to stop the riots at whatever cost, ending In attempt to stop Islam army the cause with lots of bloodshed. advancing their land, Frankish leader Mongols Charles Martel took arms in order to Battle of Beijing defeat the Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman in a battle near the city This battle for the city of Beijing was of Tours. The Franks defending Gaul between the Mongols and Jin Dynasty. The had an army around 15,000 infantrys Mongols were led by Genghis Khan and and the Muslims had an estimate of used various battle tactics. The city of 60,00 cavalry. Despite these Beijing was surrounded by walls 40-foot differences the Franks had a terrain walls and was initially too difficult to advantage as they were dressed for the surmount. After pillages of the countryside cold while the Arabs were not as around Beijing, the Mongols surrounded prepared for the intense cold. After a the city and used catapults to bombard the long waiting game, the Franks city's walls. Shortly after the Jin Emperor surrounded the Arab leader and killed Xuanzong surrendered up and offered him, forcing the retreat of the Islamic Genghis Khan treasures if Khan would call army. lf his attack. Japanese Feudalism & European Feudalism The way I see feudalism in Europe is that it is quite bitter and harsh to the peasants who work hard to provide food. For example in European Feudalism the peasants are taxed heavily to use a mill & baker and must pay a tithe to the priest which is equal to 1/10th of a peasant's income. The peasants live in horrible conditions such as crowded cottages with dirt floors, and straw beds and due to poor diet, disease, and malnutrition their life expectancy is a minimum of 35 years. Also for the peasants, there is very little social mobility.For instance, peasant cannot work his/her way up to a lord or knight. They generally accept their lives as port of God's plan. Hundred Years' War Through out this war I think the English proved to be a formidable opponent since the French possessed more financial and military resources as the most powerful state and western Europe let managed to tip balance into their favor. Even with these differences the English army held their ground, successfully using longbows to stop cavalry charges, proved to be repeatedly victorious over the larger French forces. Special Guest: Marco Polo Marco Polo Marco Polo is an extraordinary fellow who made travels along the Silk Road. He excelled and achieved more than all the other travelers and during his journey through Asia he reached further than anyone else. He traveled through out China and returned to tell the tale alive. Macro Polo's Travel The brothers Maffeo and Niccilo Polo traded through Surai for a year. Unexpectedly, a civil war broke out whcih made it impossible to return the same route they came. They then came to a solution to make a detour across the east to avoid the war. However they found themselves lost and were rescued in Bukhara of a emissary from Hulagu Khan. The Mongol ambassador persuaded the brothers that Hulagu Khan would be pleased to meet the brothers. Upon contacting the Great Khan, Marco Polo entered the court of the powerful Mongol ruler who dispatched him on trips to help administer the realm. After his journey, he wrote a well known book called Travels of Marco Polo which tells the tale of his journey throughout Asia. James' Life Story The Plague of Justinian James was influenced by his parents and the faith of Christianity. He continued practicing it Unfortunately the plague throughout his youth reached to him. Half of years. Constantinople Constantinople was James was an exemplary His father was a might have not been infested by the plague. husband and father so famous and skilled the best city to live a Corpses were piling up James of Byzantine, a says his wife. swordsmith peaceful and stable life every single day. James citizen of Constantinople, throughout all like James' but with lived a well life he left died six days after he was He devoted his time and Constantinople. His great effort he overcame great remarks embedded unluckily infected by the love to them. He worked mother was a gentle the obstacles. He was on his wife's and son's Plague of Justinian. with great effort to housewife highly educated, loyal heart. supply his family's submissive to her to his religion. and He worked as a blacksmith needs. husband and highly committed to the well- and had a wife, Melody, James grew up in caring for her child. being of his family. and a son, Peter, he cared Constantinople, his for them greatly. parents were strict Orthodox Christians. DAILY SPORTS afire. Bombs- During the Song, smoke New Weaponry bombs, incendiary bombs, gunpowder • Greek Fire grenades, and the usual shrapnel objects such as rocks were used in siege • Gunpowder warfare. Hemp or cotton would be soaked in oil, • ignited, and catapulted Bombs outward. Bombs made of iron shells resembling • Composite Bow gourds in shape could shatter a city wall. Gunpowder bombs were a mixture of gunpowder and shrapnel such as charcoal and iron scraps. The range of such "firing balls," or bombs, could be from ten to a hundred yards. Gunpowder- Composite Bow- Starting from the Tang The Mongolian or the beginning of the composite bow was both Greek Fire- Song, small packages of small and lightweight gunpowder wrapped in Invented during the for Byzantine and it and was used for hunting paper or bamboo were Byzantine Era, it was an was responsible for and warfare. The bows attached to arrows, incendiary weapon, that many key Byzantine were made of birch, which marked the first had the capacity of military victories, most sinew, and the horns of a use o gunpowder in setting things ablaze. notably the salvation of sheep. It was great for war.These would be lit practically used by the Constantinople from use on a horse while in of a fuse of some kind, Byzantine navy during two Arab sieges, thus combat. so that the arrow naval battles.This securing the Empire.s became an incendiary, invention provided a survival. intended to set targets technological advantage GOSSIP COLUMM Byzantine Empire Islamic Caliphates China Tang Dynasty Labor Rise and Spread Organization of Religion Peasant Revolt The Byzantine economy was among The spread of Islam began when around 613 The peasant revolt or "Tianbao the most robust economies in the CE Muhammad began to share the revelation Rebellion spanned the reigns of three Mediterranean for many centuries. which Allah had, according to Muslims, stated emperors. The revolt was led by a Constantinople was a prime hub in a started to give to him three years earlier. former subordinate Shi Siming. The trading network that at various times During the rest of his life, the Muslim ummah rebellion was suppressed during the extended across nearly all of Eurasian was established in Arabia. The expansion of the reign of Daizong by generals Pugu and North Africa.