ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MULTICULTURALISM, DIVISION AND PLANNING: LESSONS FOR URBAN INTEGRATION AND THE CASE OF NICOSIA Ph.D. THESIS Gizem CANER Urban and Regional Planning Department Urban and Regional Planning Programme OCTOBER 2014 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MULTICULTURALISM, DIVISION AND PLANNING: LESSONS FOR URBAN INTEGRATION AND THE CASE OF NICOSIA Ph.D. THESIS Gizem CANER (502072905) Urban and Regional Planning Department Urban and Regional Planning Programme Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Fulin BÖLEN OCTOBER 2014 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇOK KÜLTÜRLÜLÜK, BÖLÜNME VE PLANLAMA: KENTSEL BÜTÜNLEŞME İÇİN DERSLER VE LEFKOŞA ÖRNEĞİ DOKTORA TEZİ Gizem CANER (502072905) Şehir ve Bölge Planlaması Anabilim Dalı Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Programı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Fulin BÖLEN EKİM 2014 Gizem Caner, a Ph.D. student of ITU Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology student ID 502072905, successfully defended the thesis entitled “ MULTICULTURALISM, DIVISION AND PLANNING: LESSONS FOR URBAN INTEGRATION AND THE CASE OF NICOSIA”, which she prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Fulin BÖLEN .............................. Istanbul Technical University Jury Members: Prof. Dr. Güzin KONUK ............................. Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Prof. Dr. Nilgün ERGUN .............................. Istanbul Technical University Prof. Dr. Gülden ERKUT .............................. Istanbul Technical University Doç. Dr. Sırma TURGUT .............................. Yıldız Technical University Date of Submission : 11 September 2014 Date of Defense : 22 October 2014 v vi To my dearest, mom, vii viii FOREWORD I would like to express my very great gratitude to Prof. Dr. Fulin BÖLEN, my advisor, for her patience, guidance, encouragement and valuable critique throughout this research. She stands as an academic role-model for me I someday aspire to become. I would also like to express my appreciation to Prof. Dr. Güzin KONUK and Prof. Dr. Nilgün ERGUN, my jury members, who have provided me with constructive inputs and invaluable advices for the maturation of my thesis. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Dr. Enrique Joaquin GIMÉNEZ BALDRÉS, my year-long advisor in Polytechnic University of Valencia, for his priceless suggestions and productive assistance during the planning and development of this research work. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated. Special thanks to my beloved friend Dr. Özlem ÖZER who has been alongside me for the past seven years as a close friend, as well as an academic inspiration. Her generosity in answering my endless questions, her intellectual capacity and her motivational support has helped me tremendously throughout the completion of my thesis. I am equally very thankful to my dear friends Dr. İrem Ayrancı ONAY, İmge AKÇAKAYA and Selin KARSAN for their never-ending support to always keep me on track and enthusiastic. I would also like to extend my thanks to Dr. Ayla GÜREL, who lent her assistance whenever I reached out to her. Her moral support and the time she allocated to me are greatly appreciated. I additionally wish to thank the interviewee subjects for their contribution to this research. Their consent, coherence and will to share have been very pivotal in nourishing me with up-to-date information and diverse insights. I would like to use this opportunity to deliver a deep sense of gratitude towards my beloved companion, Ali ŞEFİK. His encouraging attitude provides me with appreciation and self-respect. I feel fortunate to know that he will always be by my side, and I hope to provide him with the same kind of support he has provided me with up till today. Lastly, my deepest thanks go to my family, namely my brother Eylem CANER, my mother Süheyla CANER and my grandmother Uçkun VUDALI. Nevertheless, I feel extensively obliged to my dearest, mother, who has made me become who I am today. Her continuous moral support, patience, understanding and limitless maternal love will always make me feel privileged. My MSc thesis was dedicated to my father and this thesis is dedicated to my mother, because without her, this thesis would have ceased to exist. October 2014 Gizem CANER (Urban Planner) ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xvii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. xix ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... xxiii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem, Hypothesis and Research Questions ................................................... 2 1.2 Aim ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Scope .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 7 2.1 Identifying Multicultural and Divided Cities ..................................................... 7 2.1.1 Describing urban division ........................................................................... 9 2.1.1.1 History of urban division ................................................................... 11 2.1.1.2 The contemporary city and division ................................................... 14 2.1.1.3 Causes of urban division .................................................................... 17 2.1.1.4 Positive and negative aspects of urban division ................................. 21 2.1.2 Describing multiculturalism ...................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Locating multiculturalism, division and segregation ................................ 26 2.2 Division, Multiculturalism and Urban Planning .............................................. 30 2.2.1 Evolution of urban theories with regards to division ................................ 30 2.2.2 Planning in divided cities .......................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Planning in multicultural cities ................................................................. 43 2.3 Systems View of the City and Urban Planning ................................................ 46 2.3.1 Systems view of the city ........................................................................... 47 2.3.2 Systems view of urban planning ............................................................... 52 2.4 Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 53 3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: MULTICULTURAL & DIVIDED CITIES 59 3.1 Reasoning Behind the Choice of Case Studies ................................................ 59 3.2 Multicultural Cities .......................................................................................... 61 3.2.1 New York City .......................................................................................... 61 3.2.2 London ...................................................................................................... 67 3.2.3 Paris ........................................................................................................... 76 3.2.4 Singapore .................................................................................................. 82 3.2.5 Evaluation of multicultural cities .............................................................. 87 3.3 Divided Cities ................................................................................................... 93 3.3.1 Belfast ....................................................................................................... 93 3.3.2 Jerusalem ................................................................................................. 100 xi 3.3.3 Berlin ....................................................................................................... 106 3.3.4 Beirut ....................................................................................................... 114 3.3.5 Evaluation of divided cities ..................................................................... 121 3.4 Comparison: Divided versus Multicultural Cities .......................................... 128 4. CASE STUDY: NICOSIA ................................................................................. 135 4.1 Settlement History of Nicosia .......................................................................