ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Bilingualism and access to a third language: Access to the Spanish language by Russian- Romanian bilinguals VOLUME I PhD student: Daniela Antonchuk Thesis supervisor: Julio Murillo Puyal Facultat de Filosofia y Lletres Departament de Filologia Francesa i Romànica Doctorat en Llengües i Cultures Romàniques 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Primarily, I would like to express my gratefulness for the opportunity to follow my graduate studies in the Department of French and Romance philology on the program of Doctoral studies in Romance languages and cultures. Secondly and most importantly, I want to thank my PhD Supervisor, Dr. Julio Murillo Puyal, for his guidance throughout my project, expressing a lot of respect and support, allowing me to select a subject I have always wanted to investigate and giving me feedbacks along the whole dissertation work. Apart from that, I would like to thank my annual committee members: Roser Gauchola, Xavier Blanco, Dolors Català, who in the course of several years expressed their biggest interest and respect towards my study and presented a number of useful suggestions on the subject of my PhD thesis. I would also like to express my deepest gratefulness towards my informants, without whom this investigation would not be possible. And, finally, I want to thank my family for their unconditional support. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my 103-year-old great-grandmother, Irina Vladimirovna Pokhitonova, who has always been an example of a strong woman and a great heart. Table of Contents 0. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I. Bilingualism and language contact .......................................................... 9 1. Introduction to the study of bilingualism .............................................................. 9 2. Definition of bilingualism ................................................................................... 14 3. Psycholinguistic aspect of bilingualism .............................................................. 21 4. Cognitive aspect of bilingualism ........................................................................ 27 5. Bilingualism and education ................................................................................. 33 Chapter II. The Spanish, Romanian and Russian languages overview ................ 39 1. The Romance languages ...................................................................................... 39 1.1 The Spanish language .................................................................................... 42 1.2 The Romanian language ................................................................................ 43 1.3 Comparative analysis of Spanish and Romanian formation from Latin. Phonology ........................................................................................................... 44 1.4 Comparative analysis of Spanish and Romanian formation from Latin. Morphology ......................................................................................................... 48 1.5 Comparative analysis of Spanish and Romanian formation from Latin. Lexicon ............................................................................................................... 60 2. The Slavic languages ........................................................................................... 64 2.1 The Russian language .................................................................................... 65 Chapter III. Hypothesis and methodology of the investigation ............................. 68 Chapter IV. Experimental research ......................................................................... 83 1. Corpus creation ................................................................................................... 83 1.1 Word forms corpus ........................................................................................ 85 1.2 Statements corpus ........................................................................................ 121 1.3 Texts corpus ................................................................................................. 134 2. Questionnaire creation ...................................................................................... 142 2.1 Personal data questionnaire.......................................................................... 144 2.2 Questionnaire “Text” ................................................................................... 147 2.3 Questionnaire “Statement” ........................................................................... 164 2.4 Questionnaire “ Word form” ........................................................................ 172 2.4.1 Questionnaire “Word form” Russian ........................................ 176 2.4.2 Questionnaire “Word form” Romanian .................................... 195 Chapter V. Results presentation and interpretation ............................................ 223 1. Questionnaire “Text” ........................................................................................ 223 2. Questionnaire “Statement” ................................................................................ 265 3. Questionnaire “Word form” .............................................................................. 428 Chapter VI. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 459 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 475 0. INTRODUCTION The present work deals with such a significant subject nowadays as bilingualism and multilingualism, which has become an absolute necessity in the modern society. “Bilingualism is a multidisciplinary subject par excellence. It touches upon so many aspects of human behavior: it is a fruitful area for the study of language contact; it is intriguing for the way that it relates to the human mind; it reflects social behavior and the organization of society; and it can shape educational systems” (Morris Jones, B., Singh Ghuman, 1995, p. 1). First of all, bilingualism considers cultural aspects of life. All cultures of the world unveil their own view and sense of things, life and world. As a result they have their own interpretation of the universe, which is vital to take into account in order to obtain a more extensive survey and vision of the world and universality. It is essential to consider the identity, the singularity of each individual representing different cultures, as they, in turn, have their own decoding and view of sense as well as universality.1 Language is an essential part of every culture and culture does not exist without a language. The connection between them is very strong in any community. Secondly, the social aspect of bilingualism cannot be neglected either. As it has been noted above language is an indispensable part of any society serving as the main means of communication between people. Nowadays in the modern world the question of migration is very common. Hence, we come to a variety of social communities each revealing their own languages or dialects. Those speech communities function differently, what leads as a result to a multilingual society. The reason of migration can be of different kinds. Primarily, it is economical, since it is natural for people to seek a better place and way of living. On the other hand, this reason can be political as well. Due to the war, political persecutions or government changes people might look for a different homeland in order to establish there their own minor society. This results in the socio-economical aspect of bilingualism revealing the possible background of people changing their place of living and describing all the possible reasons for such changes. 1 Renard, R. Changement de paradigme culturel: de l´Un au Multiple. Université de Mons. 1 The notion of bilingualism has touched the political part of society as well bringing to light different approaches to the subject. One example of this kind might be the memorable period in the history of Spain when the political objective was to repress the minority languages prohibiting any use of them in any place. This approach counter-stands those of other countries where the multilingualism is an essential part of the society and plays an important role in the political life, as it happens in Belgium or Switzerland, for instance. The psycholinguistic aspect of bilingualism reveals the notion of connection between language and thought and due to communities speaking several languages leads to the broadening of the notion of thought to refer to the language. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis2 representatives of different speech communities have their own interpretation of the world and, moreover, there can be observed differences