NINE YEARS IN Lesser Sunda NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA Subject to misprints, errors and change without notice. This book produced by The Nature Conservancy ©, Jakarta, Indonesia. Not to be reproduced, wholly or in part, whithout written permission of The Nature Conservancy ©, Jakarta, Indonesia. GLAUDY PERDANAHARDJA & HILDA LIONATA NINE YEARS IN Lesser Sunda NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA Author: Glaudy Perdanahardja Hilda Lionata Editor: Melati Kaye Photo Contributor: Benjamin Kahn Rizya Ardiwijaya Yusuf Fajariyanto Rynal Fadli Putu Oktavia Tommy Prasetyo Wibowo Wildlife Conservation Society Supported by: Recommended citation: Perdanahardja, G., Lionata, H. (2017) Nine Years In Lesser Sunda. Indonesia: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Coasts and Oceans Program © 2017 The Nature Conservancy First published 2017 by The Nature Conservancy Designed and produced by: Imaginarium (www.imaginariumind.com) All Rights Reserved. Reproduction for any purpose is prohibited without prior permission. Cover Photo: Documentations of The Nature Conservancy Available at: The Nature Conservancy Graha Iskandarsyah 3rd Floor Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan Indonesia Or via the worldwide web at: www.nature.or.id NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03 FOREWORD 05 MESSAGE FROM THE 07 COUNTRY DIRECTOR I. Introduction 11 I.1. Why Lesser Sunda? 13 I.1.1 Ecological Importance of Lesser Sunda 15 I. Table 1.1: List of Species in Lesser Sunda and The Protection Status 17 According to IUCN, Cites and Govt Reg No. 7/99 I.1.2. Economic Importance of Lesser Sunda 20 I.1.3. Lesser Sunda in The Bigger Context 22 I.2. TNC’s Footpath in Lesser Sunda 23 II. Evolution of The Resilient MPA Network Design 25 in Lesser Sunda Ecoregion II.1. Initial Design of Resilient MPA Network in Lesser Sunda Ecoregion 29 II. Table 2.1: Biophysical MPA Design Principles for Shallow Coastal Areas 30 and Deep Sea Near Shores Areas Table 2.2: Socio-Economic MPA Design Principles 32 for Shallow Coastal Areas II.2. Refining The 2011 MPA Network Design 35 Table 2.3: Data Categories for Resource Uses Resulting from Participatory 37 Mapping (Meryanto et al., 2015) II.2.1. The Updated MPA Networks Design 39 Table 2.4: The Updated, 2017 MPA Network Design 39 Table 2.5: Differences of Conservation Targets Percentages 42 in Design 2011 and 2017 Table 2.6: Percentage of The Updated MPA Network Within The Priority 43 Conservation Area Based on Surface Sea Temperature Study II.2.2. Sound Basis for MPA Decision Making 45 III. Savu Sea 47 III.1. Support The Establishment of Savu Sea Marine National Park 49 III.1.1. Assessments to Inform Adaptive Management Actions 51 III. Table 3.1: High Priority Areas for Conservation to Inform Savu Sea Zoning 56 and Management Plan Design (Kahn, 2013) III.1.2. Supporting The Development of Savu Sea Management and Zoning Plan 57 III.1.3. Consultative Process for Development of Savu Sea Management 60 and Zoning Plan III.2. Promoting Effective and Equitable Governance of Savu Sea Marine 62 National Park IV. Community Engagement 65 IV.1. Working Through Partners 67 Table 4.1: The Work of Community and Local NGO 69 IV. to Support MPA Management IV.2. Customary Parctices 73 IV.3. Sustainable Fisheries 77 Figure 4.7: Fisheries Area of Saleh Bay, WNT Province 79 IV.3.1. MPA Approach as a Model for Rights-Based Fisheries Management 79 (RBFM) NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA IV.3.2. Papadak and Hoholok as Rights-Based Fisheries Management 83 (RBFM) Management Models V. Marine Spatial Planning 87 V.1. Policy Setting For Ecoregion Marine Spatial Planning 89 V.2. Application Of Performance Zoning 91 V. Table 5.1: Clustering System Applied in Lesser Sunda Ecoregion 92 Table 5.2: Examples of Limiting Factors Applied in Various Sub-Clusters of 95 West Bali, North Lombok and Timor V.3. Consultative Process to Understand Development Trend 97 Table 5.3: Series of Focus Group Discussions to Inform Marine Spatial 97 02 Planning Design V.4. Buy-n Process from Government is Underway 99 VI. Closing Mark 101 VI.1. Lesson Learnt 103 VI.1.1. Governance 105 VI. VI.1.2. The Ecology 107 VI.1.3. The Community, Together With The People 109 VI.1.4. Conservation Can Bring About Economic Welfare 111 VI.2. The Next Homework 113 VI.2.1. Expanding Whale Sanctuary in Indonesia’s Water 115 VI.2.2. How Far We Are From Resilient MPA Network 117 Figure 6.1: Comparison of Hard Live Coral Cover of Savu Sea MNP during 118 2015 and 2016 Ecosystem Health Monitoring REFERENCE 121 ABBREVIATION LIST 123 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We extend our deepest thanks Mirza Pedju, Tri Soekirman, for the hard work of The Nature Kurniawan Fahmi, and Hirmen Conservancy Indonesia Coasts Sofyan who designed and and Oceans Program team initiated this program in the and the enormous support of first place. Sascha Müller- other stakeholders including Kraenner, who helped make local government staff and this idea into fruition. Septiana communities. Special thanks Rustandi and Juanita Kaligis to M. Imran Amin, Alexander for providing financial report of Tanody, Rizya Ardiwijaya, Yusuf this project. Yvonne Tumewu, Fajariyanto, Rynal Fadli, Tommy Jaka Setia, Peggy Mariska, Neny Prasetyo Wibowo, Hultera, Herdianawati, Ariesta Benu, Ade Rachmi and Sutra Anjani Diana Gesing, Asty Fernandez, for their invaluable support, Sutraman, Anisa Budiayu and discussion, information source Gita Arjana for the closing and pictures. Our appreciation preparation. to Rod Salm and Arisetiarso Soemodinoto for their constant feedback and keen eyes on details. Appreciation to Abdul Halim, Gondan Renosari, I. INTRODUCTION Rizal Algamar, Kerstin Pfliegner, project. The Consortium of East Marcia Toledo and Dominik Nusa Tenggara Universities Sopart for advice and support for Sustainable Fisheries during the course of the program (UniConSuFish) in exercising implementation. Elizabeth community science. Yayasan McLeod and Alison Green for Bahtera; Yayasan Alpha Omega; the principle design of MPA Yayasan Bengkel APEK; Forum networks and climate changes. Komunikasi Tokoh Adat Peduli Rob Brumbaugh, Jo Smith, Budaya Rote Ndao; Yasayan and Vera Agostini for the trial Ie Hari; Yayasan Kasimo; and error in marine planning. Yayasan Komodo Indonesia Laura Whitford for her support, Lestari; Yayasan Sanggar Suara discussion and connection Perempuan Soe; Yayasan Tunas to scale the work up to the Jaya; and Yayasan Wahana Coral Triangle. Komunikasi Wanita for their great community work in the We also sincerely thank the Savu Sea. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) for Maynard Marine Consulting and continues support of The Nature SIMClim for setting up priority NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA Conservancy team, in particular conservation areas with climate Directorate General of Marine change impacts consideration. Spatial Management (PRL), Benjamin Kahn for keeping us Directorate of Conservation and inspired and the many surveys Marine Biodiversity (KKHL) and on marine mammals. Coral Directorate of Marine Planning Triangle Center and Wildlife (PRL). High appreciation to Conservation Society for BEPPENAS for the support during extensive surveys and capacity the planning and granting phase. building. ReefCheck Foundation Indonesia for monitoring. We express our gratitude to Institute Technology of Bandung the East Nusa Tenggara Marine 04 for the marine planning exercise. Conservation Council (DKPP) for the consistent support We also gratefully acknowledge and fruitful partnership. Balai the financial support provided by Konservasi Kawasan Perairan BMUB/Bundesministerium für Nasioanl (BKKPN) that remains Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und one of our important partners Reaktorsicherheit (the Federal in the management of the Ministry for the Environment, Savu Sea Marine National Nature Conservation, Building Park. The Provincial and and Nuclear Safety), without District governments of East which the five year project in the Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Lesser Sunda Ecoregion would Tenggara and Bali for the not have been possible. collaboration throughout the FOREWORD Stretching from Bali to Timor Leste, covering an area of more than 110 million acres, the Lesser Sunda encompasses small rugged islands surrounded by jaw-dropping coral reefs bursting with abundant marine life. It sits at the crossroads of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and has a combination of unique conditions — including channel depth, currents and temperatures — make this an extraordinarily rich hub for marine life. Lesser Sunda has long been threatened by destructive fishing, overfishing, pollution and coastal development. This region is now also threatened by climate change impacts including increased sea temperatures, sea level rise, extreme weather and ocean acidification. Since 2008, with generous support from German Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, The Nature Conservancy has been helped the Government of Indonesia in Lesser Sunda to demonstrate a practical application of ecosystem-based management – an integrated, sustainable management of the full suite of human activities occurring in large, spatially defined areas. NINE YEARS IN LESSER SUNDA The Nature Conservancy has employed our three-pronged strategy to further ocean and coastal area based management, namely a multi- objective marine spatial planning (MSP); marine protected area (MPA) networks; and marine conservation agreements (MCAs). MSP can proactively identify and resolve conflicts between human uses and the environment. MPA networks can serve to protect biodiversity and enhance fisheries.