City of Durham & Durham County GREENHOUSE GAS AND CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR EMISSION REDUCTIONS Draft 9: June 6, 2007 Submitted by: ICLEI Energy Services City Hall, West Tower, 16 th Floor 100 Queen Street West Toronto, ON, M5H 2N2 Phone: (416) 392-0238 Fax: (416) 392-1478 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.iclei.org/canada Draft 9: Durham, NC GHG Inventory and Local Action Plan 1 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................6 2 Background ........................................................................................................................................11 2.1 Introduction to Climate Change ................................................................................................11 2.2 Climate Change Impacts............................................................................................................11 2.3 Why the City of Durham and Durham County Should Take Action.........................................12 2.4 Durham: Amongst International Leaders ..................................................................................13 2.5 Municipal and State Activities ..................................................................................................14 2.6 Background on Report Content and Structure...........................................................................14 3 Introduction to Emissions Analysis....................................................................................................16 3.1 Methodology..............................................................................................................................16 3.1.1 Electricity Emissions .........................................................................................................17 3.1.2 Fuel Emissions ..................................................................................................................17 3.1.3 Transportation Emissions .................................................................................................18 3.1.4 Solid Waste Emissions ......................................................................................................19 3.2 Community Inventory & Forecast Data Collection...................................................................20 3.2.1 Electricity ..........................................................................................................................20 3.2.2 Natural Gas .......................................................................................................................20 3.2.3 Other fuels .........................................................................................................................20 3.2.4 Transportation ..................................................................................................................21 3.2.5 Solid Waste .......................................................................................................................21 3.2.6 Off-Road Engines ..............................................................................................................21 3.2.7 Growth Indicators .............................................................................................................21 3.3 Local Government Operations Inventory & Forecast Data Collection .....................................22 4 Inventory ............................................................................................................................................23 4.1 Community Inventory................................................................................................................23 4.1.1 Residential ........................................................................................................................24 4.1.2 Commercial .......................................................................................................................25 4.1.3 Industrial ...........................................................................................................................25 4.1.4 Transportation ..................................................................................................................26 4.1.5 Solid Waste .......................................................................................................................26 4.2 Municipal Operations Inventory................................................................................................27 4.2.1 Buildings ...........................................................................................................................28 4.2.2 Vehicle Fleet .....................................................................................................................29 4.2.3 Streetlights, Traffic Signals & Other Outdoor Lights .......................................................30 4.2.4 Water & Wastewater Treatment .......................................................................................31 4.2.5 Solid Waste Produced by Local Government Operations ................................................31 4.2.6 Durham Public Schools Operations .................................................................................32 5 Forecasts to 2030................................................................................................................................33 5.1 Community Forecast .................................................................................................................33 5.1.1 2030 Business-As-Usual Scenario ....................................................................................33 5.1.2 2030 Planned Emission Reduction Scenario ....................................................................34 5.1.3 Community Emissions Forecast Summary ........................................................................35 5.2 Local Government Operations Forecast....................................................................................35 5.2.1 2030 Business-As-Usual Scenario ....................................................................................36 5.2.2 2030 Planned Emission Reduction Scenario ....................................................................37 6 Emission Reduction Measures ...........................................................................................................38 6.1 Existing Community Measures .................................................................................................38 Draft 9: Durham, NC GHG Inventory and Local Action Plan 2 6.2 Future Community Measures ....................................................................................................41 6.3 Existing Reduction Measures for Local Government Operations.............................................43 6.4 Future Reduction Measures for Local Government Operations................................................44 7 Local Action Plan...............................................................................................................................46 7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................46 7.1.1 Reduction Targets .............................................................................................................46 7.1.2 Target Scenarios ...............................................................................................................47 7.2 Proposed Community Measures................................................................................................47 7.2.1 Residential ........................................................................................................................47 7.2.2 Commercial .......................................................................................................................49 7.2.3 Industrial ...........................................................................................................................52 7.2.4 Transportation ..................................................................................................................53 7.2.5 Solid Waste .......................................................................................................................56 7.3 Proposed Local Government Measures.....................................................................................57 7.3.1 Buildings ...........................................................................................................................57 7.3.2 Fleets .................................................................................................................................59 7.3.3 Streetlights, Traffic Signals and Other Outdoor Lighting ................................................61 7.3.4 Water and Sewage ............................................................................................................63 7.3.5 Local Government Waste ..................................................................................................65 7.3.6 Schools ..............................................................................................................................65 7.4 Target Recommendations..........................................................................................................66 7.4.1 Community