South Africa: Time Running Out http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.cbp1008 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: Time Running Out Alternative title The Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa (subtitle) Author/Creator Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa Contributor Thomas, Franklin (chair) Publisher University of California Press Date 1981-00-00 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) United States, South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1948 - 1980 Rights Franklin A. Thomas, South Africa: Time Running Out, copyright (c) 1981 by the Foreign Policy Study Foundation, Inc., Berkeley: University of California Press. Description This study was initiated by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1978, and chaired by Franklin Thomas of the Ford Foundation. Wide-ranging consultation produced this report in 1981. It represents mainstream establishment thinking on South Africa. Although the commission's original mandate included Southern Africa, the commission decided to focus on South Africa, giving little attention to other countries in the region. Format extent 549 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.cbp1008 http://www.aluka.org 509 509 0 .0S Th Reoto h td o msso nUS oiyTwr Sothr Afic MEDITERRANEAN SEA EGYPT BISSAU GHANA TOGO Malabo* EQ. GUINEA Sao Toin RIO MUNI ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 1,000 miles Mogadishu INDIAN OCEAN Victoria* MBIQUE COMOROS Moroni MADAGASCAR Port * Louis A Mtr ar To I* MAURITI US Mbabane Maseru". S\AILN SOUTH WAZILAND AFRICA LESOTHO Africa ATLANTIC OCEAN Rab . MOROCCO SOUTH AFRICA: TIME RUNNING OUT The Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS FOREIGN POLICY STUDY FOUNDATION, INC. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright © 1981 by Foreign Policy Study Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa South Africa: Time Running Out 1. United States-Foreign relations-South Africa. 2. South Africa-Foreign relations-United States. I. Title E182.8.$6S78 1981 327.73068 81-2742 AACR2 cloth ISBN 0-520-04594-1 paper ISBN 0-520-04547-5 Printed in the United States of America Book design by Samuel N. Antupit Maps by General Cartography, Inc. Contents vii The Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa xi Foreword xvii Introduction xxiii Summary of Findings and Recommendations 1 South Africans Talking PART I. SOUTH AFRICA Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 The Road to Apartheid The People The Apparatus of Apartheid Civil Liberties The Workplace Housing, Education, and Health The Economy The Homelands Black Challenge White Rule Fortress South Africa 255 South Africans Talking 25 42 48 67 80 101 128 147 168 206 233 PART II. THE WIDER STAGE Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 South Africa in Africa South Africa's Relations with Western Europe, Japan, Israel, and Latin America Strategic Minerals The Communist States and Southern Africa The United States and South Africa 367 South Africans Talking PART III. POLICY 390 395 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 410 Chapter 19 455 Conclusion 457 Appendix A 462 Appendix B 465 Appendix C 472 Glossary 477 479 491 497 U.S. Interests South African Realities and Trends The Commission's Findings Policy Objectives and Actions Organizations and Individuals Contacted Sullivan Principles for U.S. Firms Operating in South Africa South African Government Actions Abbreviations Bibliography Biographies of the Study Commission and Selected Staff Index 287 Chapter 12 301 Chapter 13 310 323 340 MAPS Africa (inside covers) 24-25 Settlement in Southern Africa 56-57 South Africa 152-53 Homelands KwaZulu 304-05 Southern Africa and the World Southern Africa: Transportation and Communication TABLES xxviii Policy Framework 154 Homelands: Constitutional Status, Political Leaders, Ethnic Groups 155 Homelands Legislatures 222 Afrikaner-English Views on Key Issues 223 Political Arrangements Preferred for Different Black Groups According to Language Group of Respondents 225 White Perceptions of the Consequences of Change 226 Afrikaner and English Attitudes Toward Proposals for Change 228 Caucus and Cabinet Opinion 240 Indicators of the Southern African Military Balance 311 U.S. Dependence on South African Supplies of Four Key Minerals 312 World Mine Production and Reserves of Four Key Minerals 319 U.S. Government Stockpiles and Private Inventories 388 Policy Framework The Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa COMMISSIONERS Franklin A. Thomas, Chair President, the Ford Foundation Robert C. Good President, Denison University Charles V. Hamilton Wallace S. Sayre Professor of Government; Columbia University Ruth Simms Hamilton Professor of Sociology and Racial and Ethnic Studies, Michigan State University Alexander Heard Chancellor, Vanderbilt University Aileen C. Hernandez Urban Affairs Consultant Constance Hilliard International Director, Booker T. Washington Foundation C. Peter McColough Chairman of the Board, Xerox Corporation J. Irwin Miller Chairman, Executive and Finance Committee, Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Alan Pifer President, Carnegie Corporation of New York Howard D. Samuel President, Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO COMMISSION STAFF Marc Fasteau Staff Director and General Counsel Milfred C. Fierce Research Director Linda Potter Assistant to the Chair Paul Lancaster Senior Writer John de St. Jorre Senior Writer Kenneth Thomas Deputy General Counsel Barbara H. Nelson Research Associate ADVISERS TO THE COMMISSION G. A. Costanzo Vice-Chairman, Citibank NA. Donald F. McHenry Research Professor of Diplomacy and International Affairs, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University Stanley B. Greenberg Research Associate William N. Raiford Research Associate Stella L. Britton Research Associate Mark Collins Research Assistant Mary J. Keller Treasurer Edna Schwartz Administrative Secretary Evelyn Dalmeda Secretary William S. Sneath Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Union Carbide Corporation CONSULTANTS TO THE COMMISSION Heribert Adam David Albright Millard Arnold Larry W. Bowman Gwendolen Carter Duncan Clarke Michael A. S. Corke Chester Crocker Kevin Danaher Jorge I. Dominguez Joyce Dube John Dugard C. Clyde Ferguson William Foltz Thomas Franck Lawrence Franko George M. Fredrickson Michael George Hermann Giliomee Roy Godson June Goodwin William B. Gould Ernest Gross Ted Robert Gurr C.R.D. Halisi Peter Hawthorne James Hoagland Dudley Horner Robert Jaster Walton Johnson Willard Johnson Michael Kamara Mark N. Kaplan Thomas Karis Helen Kitchen Adam Klein Eric Lane Bruce Larkin Robert Legvold Tilden LeMelle William M. Leogrande Peter Lewin Richard B. Lillich Hollis Lynch Bernard Magubane John A. Marcum Anthony Mathews Congress Mbata Steven McDonald John E. Metcalf Thami Mhlambiso Ezekiel Mphahlele Dunbar Moodie Caryle Murphy Desaix Myers III Jill Nattrass Quentin Peel Robert M. Price Richard D. Ralston James W. Rawlings Clarence Redekop Elizabeth Reid Stephen Ritterbush Robert I. Rotberg Robert Schrire Aaron Segal Ann W. Seidman J.H.P. Serfontein Charles Simkins Bernard Simon David Smock Theodore C. Sorenson Leonard Thompson Sylvanus Tiewul Andr6 du Toit Dunstan M. Wai Dwight Wait Gary Walker Vaughn C. Williams EDITORIAL AND OTHER CONSULTANTS Gilda Abramowitz Ann Banks Victoria Boughton Martina D'Alton Joanne Donelley Hilary Elliott Tamar Jacoby Barbara S. Machtiger Marjorie Mahle Sydne Silverstein Joel Solkoff Martin Timin Veronica Windholz Foreword My direct contact with South Africa began when I visited the country in 1976. I was struck first by the enormity of its problems and then by the vast potential of the land and its people, black and white. South Africa has the capacity to attract and repel a visitor-that is part of the tension one feels, part of the mystery of that country. I left with a sense that there ought to be a way to help South Africans walk through the mine fields to a place where the future of the country can be freely determined by all of its people, where individual freedoms are protected and opportunities to achieve are assured. I felt then that if a chance arose to make even a small contribution to change in South Africa I would take that opportunity. So, when the Rockefeller Foundation asked me to examine the feasibility of forming a study commission on U.S. policy toward that country, I accepted. Eleven people joined me to form the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. (One had to withdraw later because a new appointment precluded participation.) Our assignment was to determine how the United States can best respond to the problems posed by South Africa and its dismaying system of racial separation and discrimination. I did not know three of the commissioners, and most of them had not met one another. They have diverse backgrounds and strong reputations in a variety of fields: business, labor, universities, foundations, government service. None was a specialist in southern Africa.