AMERI AN MU E.UM OF ATU R I HI 1 R Mammoths and Mastodons By W. D. MATTHEW . THE. AMERICAN MASTODON Model by Charles R. Knight, based upon The Warren Mastodon skeleton in the American Museum of Natural History No. 43 Of THE GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES.-NOVE.MBER, 1915. Aft, O.~born THE WARREN MASTODON SKELETON IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM . Mammoths and Mastodons A guide to th collections of fossil proboscideans in the Ameri an Museum of Natural History By W. D. MATTHEW 0 TE.i. T Pag 1. L ~TROD T RY. Di tribulion. Early Di coYerie . .............. ~. THE ExTL -cT ELEPHA_~T . The tru mammoth-~ la kan mamm th - k 1 t n from Indiana- ize of the mammoth-th Columbian 1 - phant- th Imperial lephant-extin t 011 World elephant - Plio n and Plei tocene elephant ' of Inclia-e,·olution f lephant from n1a to don ......................... .. ............... .. ..... ... 3. THE ... :\IERICAX :MA TODOX. Teeth f the ma tod n-habit an 1 en­ Yironment-the w·arren ma t don-male and femal kull -di tribu- tion of the ... merican ma todon . 1 z ..J.. THE LATER TERTB.RY 11A TODOX . The two-tu ked mat don Dibelodon-the long-jawed ma. t don Tetralophodon-the b aked ma todon Rhyncotherium-the primitiYe four tu k d ma tod n . Trilophod n-the Dinotherium.. 1.5 THE EARLY TERTL\.RY AxcE TOR OF THE 11A TODOX . Palreoma tod n - M reritherium-character. and affinitie . I 6. THE E'.'OL TIOX OF THE PRoBo CIDEA. D ubtful po ition of :i\I rither­ ium-Palreoma todon a primiti, prob cidean-Dinoth rium an aberrant ide-branch-Tril phodon de.:,cended from Palreoma todon­ branching into everal phYla in ~Ii cene and Plioc ne- Dib lodon phylum in ~ ~ orth and outh America-~Ia tod n phylum-elephant phylum-origin and di per al of th probo cidea and th ir proo·re ,i,·e exti11ctio11 . 1 I. INTRODUCTORY. Ll ◄J Pl L\. T'l ' II< \\' inlrn l it only l li \\ HrtlH r r -gi o11 . o f l 11 • Old \\ oriel . rl h In lian El phant i.· nati,· : outh a: l I'll . \ . ia , tit .\l'ric·a 11 EEl phanl t > <· ntral ... \l'ri ·a. Both ar' r )rC' l and jun d d w ·II •r.· a,· i ling th' plain: and l '. ' •rt: and unkn )\\'ll in · >Id >r t 1np ·rat r , tic 11. ·. ::.\famm )th: Hn l ma:todon:, .· Lin ·l r la Liv,,. or ,uH· : Lor:< r lh , .· i l ­ ing lcphant: lrnw b ''n f nm l in n arly all parl: of Lh h ahilahl wo rld , ,_. · l t in ~\uslrnlia. Durin°· th 11 i: to · n r Gla ·ial ·poch th . rang d in th Ol l "T rl l fr m Lh ... \.r ·ti· 0 · ant ~ .. u h Afri ·a from ,Japa r in th · "'l ' t t Englan in th w :t ,md i1 th v " rld fr m ... \.la:ka t P a a- 0 · m·1 . 1 h y man r cliff r nt r lat d t liYing Indi·rn r Afri an 1 phan di. ant u. m . In h T rtiary f rma ti n f th f ma w i AO' r mam ar found in th Old " rld and i m n · an i nt c nd primiti kind nd th ir , lutionary hi tor b n tr·1 d b k t p b t p t an an e tr of primitiv m mmal. · m- paratiY 1 mall iz with no trunk and very unlik a mod rn 1 phant in b th t th nd tu k . Fo i] teeth tu k and bone of the keleton ar v ry c mmonly f und in th urface oil , cla and gravel and e p ciall in peat-bog r drain d land and in ri, r all On account of th ir iz th ha alwa . attra t d attention. In olden day they wer often attribut d t ·iant * and it i not unlikely that man of the circum tantial torie and m th. of medireval giant "ere ugge ted by di coverie of thi ort. Earl in the eighteenth century th di coverie of fo il teeth nd bon . reco ·nized a belonging to elephant in France, Italy Germany and England were current! explained a relic of tho e brought b P rrhu r Hannibal or Juliu Cre ar. About the end of the century, how v r, Cm ier demon trated to the world not onl that the reli wer found in man region never in aded by the e warrior of antiquity, but that th y belonged to di tinct pecie from tho e now li ing. He wa not ind d th fir t to make thi di co ery ; ariou learned m n of hi tim or earli r had come to the ame con lu ion, but it general ace ptan a lar 1 due to the great influen e of Cuvier. Be ide the true elephant of extin<"'t p i Cu vi r di tingui hed th 1 mastodon (µ a5ro ~ nipple, o' oou ;-= tooth) with grindin ' t eth v r differ nt from tho e of el phant , although much lik them in kull and k leton. In thi countr early di 'coveri of ma todon or elephant bon w r al o thought to be th remain of giant . Do tor ,, arr n in hi mem ir *Thi i not o a b urd a it migh eem , fo r mo t of the. bone of an lephant k 1 ton ar mor like human bon , exc pt as t o ize a nd m a ive propor ion , than h are to mo oth r large qu adruped . · 5 (j 11 th urn lo 1 11 JU an int r' lirw ·on ·p< 11 l nc· h h · n Lh, J ,arn d Coll n . lath r tlll 1 (;o,·('l'll< r Du II y { f ~ · \\ -. ork ·c 11 ·nni1w ll1 Ii - · )\ ry f u ·11 h 11 11 th 1 a11h. >I' th Ilud Oil 11 , r ~ • \\ l 11rglt. Fr ll ·h c..~plor r. ( n th< Ohi > di · ·on n·d gr at 1ua11tili . < r l th an l lH n of ma lo l >11 • ,Ill I rnnmmoth · ,tl th Grrnt . 'Hll Li ·k i11 1\Ullu ·l ·.\· and --1 - wh r al ng Lil' riY r, and .-on1 ol' lh .- w I'<' <: nl lo Ii ran(' a11 l tu Ii d hy ' m ·i ran I lh 'I' :C'i nti. t. ·. Duri1w lh ln:l c·cnlmy man,\' fo.-.-il :kel 'l< n · and .-kull · aud innurn r­ nbl t, th and hon ,. hav b n I' >tu din all parl · <I' th Cni d ,' Lal in ,_\_]a . h1, ( c1na la and I xi·( and ar pr . 1T din ,·arion. mu · um hr u ,} - ou l l h ' · u 11 l ry . ., '·i--ntifi· noti· \· of th f :.-il r'main.- in .\.m riC'a l crin ahmt I,.'50. rl lw,\· ar m n lion cl h,\ -. 'I homn: .J ,ff r:on in hi · ... " L _. on Yir 1·inia, 1-­ and noli<· cl at mor' or I ,.,. 1 11 ,·th l y many th r 1-: . cli.-tin >' 1i ·b ,d author. , u.· tmll,\Tun<l r th nam' f mammoth r ,J phant hon .- . ...... um rou.- J ,. ·rip­ tion.- an l figur ,_. of th ma:to lon app ar lurin · th ' fir t half ( f lh la t c 'ntur, ·, culminating in th gr at m moir of ,John (. " "arr 11 1 .3~. I . ·rip­ tion: and noti · .· of mammoth: r th r fo.-.-il --1 'phant.· ar' har lly l mun 'rou.- in ~\.m ri ·an .·ci ntifi · literatur f th la:t · ntury, hut n > al quat i ling ,,ith th n ha: ., t b n publi ·h l n r i.- th r any o· n ral tr ':lti.· nth fo ·il pr b .- ·id ~an: f th w rl<l. 11 lit r·itur i: · ·al Ler d a1 d th :ubj ·t mucl · nfus d. II. THE EXTINCT ELEPHANTS. G n ra Elephas, Loxodon, Stegodon. HERE ar at l a:t t n or t"· lv .·p i . f e.·tin ·t 1 phant. kn \Yll in cliff r n p rt: f th w rld. m ar n ·:tr . t th rn l rn TIndian 1 phan (Elephas) th r th Afri ·an :p ·i . (Lo.ro lon ), whil th r: ( t godon ) ar int rm diat b tw n th ,. and th ld r llc . - t d n: . Thr · l c1 ar f md in rth ~\..m ri a, thr rm r m Eur p and n rth rn A:ia, th r maind r ar ·hi fly kn \\' ll fr m India c 11d th I lit rran an r O'l n. Pr l ably th r ,Yill b m r " ·h 1 tl '" rl l 1 ha: l n rn r th r u rhl, • pl r d. The M ammoth. 1h b :t kn wn f , 11 th .·tin t I · an: 1.- th' mamm th El plws JJrimig niu.·. It w· . a 11 nr r lati,· f th India1 :\I phant, hut a lapt cl t liY in · 11 limat . an l · ,. r" l " ·ith a h a,·y c· al >f I ng · mr: bla ·k hair wilh thi ·] - hr " ·n un l rn·oc 1.